Bibliography

Bibliography

1996. Fisheries co-management workshop on strategy, methodologies, field experiences of partners and exchange of information: A proceedings.The North Sea Centre, Hirtshals. Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; workshop; strategy; methodology; project

1996. Research initiatives on fisheries co-management in Central and Southern Africa. Report of the Regional Workshop, 20-22 November 1995, Kariba, Zimbabwe. Jackson, J.C. (ed.)IFM & ICLARM, Hirtshals & Manila. Fisheries Co-management Research Report.

Keywords : co-management; Southern Africa; Africa; workshop; Kariba; Zimbabwe; research report

1997. National workshop on coastal and fisheries co-management. Breakwater Logde, Cape Town. 3-4 June 1997. Summarised proceedings.

Keywords : co-management; workshop; South Africa; akn; project; Africa; government; local level; sustainable development; development; policy

Abstract: What was the workshop all about?

More and more projects are being started in South Africa where responsibility for management of natural resources is shared between government authorities and communities or other resource users. These co-management projects are important ways to improve access to resources by marginalised people. It is also widely agreed that management of resources at local level is a vital tool for sustainable development. However, communication and support for these new projects has been lacking, so lessons from other projects have not been widely shared. For the same reasons, co-management projects have not yet been able to make an impact on government policies. To begin talking about these issues, a group of people involved in research, development, government and non-government sectors organised a workshop in Cape Town for groups involved in co-management for coastal and fisheries resources.

1997. National workshop on coastal and fisheries co-management, Breakwater Lodge, Cape Town, 3-4 June 1997.

Keywords : workshop; co-management; project; South Africa; government; local level; sustainable development; development; policy

Abstract: What was the workshop all about?

Abdullah, N.M. et al. 1997. Transaction costs and fisheries co-management.Universiti Pertanian Malaysia & ICLARM Serdang Selangor & Manila: Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; transaction costs; conflict; institutions

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to highlight some of the possible transaction costs that may either increase or decrease the total cost of managing fisheries. It is believed that co-management, as an institutional arrangement for managing fisheries resources, will effectively address some of the problems of fisheries overexploitation, dissipation and redistribution of resource rents, and conflicts among the different groups of resource users.

The transaction costs in a fisheries co-management can broadly be categorised into three major cost items: information costs, collective fisheries decision-making costs, and collective operational costs. An approach to measuring transaction costs of fisheries co-management system both in static and dynamic processes are also proposed. There is a need to empirically evaluate the nature of the transaction costs involved in fisheries co-management institutions as a basis for defending a move away from the more centralised form of fisheries management institutions.

Acheson, J.M. 1979. Variations in Traditional Inshore Fishing Rights in Maine Lobstering Communities. Raoul Andersen. (ed.) North Atlantic Maritime Cultures: Anthropological Essays on Changing Adaptions. p. 253-76. Mouton. The Hague.

Keywords : co-management; North Atlantic; 3 FCBM; Atlantic

Acheson, J.M. 1987. The Lobster Fiefs Revisited. Economic and Ecological effects of Territoriality in the Maine Lobster Industry. McCay, B.J. and J.M. Acheson (eds.) The Question of the Commons, The Culture and Ecology of Communal Resources. 2, p. 37-65. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Keywords : co-management; economics; commons; 2 FCBM; lobster

Acheson, J.M. 1989. Management of Common-Property Resources. Stuart Plattner. (ed.) Economy Anthropology. Stanford University Press.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM; common-property

Acheson, J.M. 1989. Where Have All the Exploiters Gone? Co-management of the Maine Lobster Industry. Common Property Resources. pp.199-217.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCM; lobster

Adegbite, T. 1996. Village seminar: an approach to the integration of the fisherfolk into the sound management of fishery resources.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM

Agbayani, R.F. and S.V. Siar. 1993. Problems encountered in the implementation of a community-based fishery resource management project. R.S.Pomeroy. (ed.) Community Management and Common Property of Coastal Fisheries in Asia and the Pacific: Concepts, Methods and Experiences. p. 149-60. ICLARM, Manila, Philippines.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; project; commons; Asia; Pacific; method; 2 FCBM; community management; common-property

Agbayani, R.F. and A.S. Babol. 1997. Institutional arrangements on fisheries co-management in Malalison Island, Culasi, Antique: A process documentation research methodology. Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; methodology; Malalison; project

Ahmed, M. 1991. A Model to Determine Benefits Obtainable from the Management of Riverine fisheries of Bangladesh. ICLARM, Manila. No. 728.-133.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCM; Bangladesh; model; riverine

Ahmed, M. et al. 1995. Fisheries Co-Management in Bangladesh - Experiences with GO-NGO- Fisher Partnership Models.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 3 FCM; UK; Instructive; Asia; Bangladesh; organizations; model; institutions; participation; rules; empowerment; policy; environment; common-property

Abstract: Failure in the past to ascertain responsible fishing practices and equitable distributrion of benefits under traditional leasing systems has motivated the Bangladesh government to work in partnership with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and fishing communities in recent times. Several models of interactions between governmental organizations (GO), NGOs and fishing communities have emerged out of the partnerships. This paper discusses the operational approaches that were used to identify the fishery commons and create institutions for increasing the participation of local fishers in the making and enforcing resource use rules. The group-based empowerment strategies of NGOs; their role in securing for the beneficiaries the access rights to waterbodies as well as provision of credits and inputs for employment and income generation activities showed some practical evidence of the concept of the poor as managers of the fisheries resources. The paper also discusses the policy issues involving the rights held by local community members to catch fish for subsistence purposes; practices and uses that affect the physical environment. There are also issues associated with the difficulties of reconciling differing government (GO) and NGO priorities and points of view with regard to target group identification and levels of responsibilities. The paper concludes that a non-obstructioist policy context and interests of the powerful groups as well as those dependent on the fishery resources are the critical factors for successful evolution of co-management models in countries like Bangladesh.

Ahmed, M. et al. 1992. Redirecting Benefits to Genuine Fishermen: Bangladesh's New Fisheries Management Policy.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 3 FCM; UK; General; Asia; policy; USA; Bangladesh; property rights; household; economics; organisation; common-property

Abstract: In a bid to correct centuries-old exploitative modes of production and to ensure productivity and sustainability of currently degraded, publicly owned inland openwater bodies, the Government of Bangladesh recently instituted drastic changes in its fisheries management policy. The policy of leasing out fishing rights to the highest bidders, who were invariably wealthy middlemen, was replaced by a policy granting direct fishing rights to genuine fishermen under a government administered licensing programme. This policy shift is expected to redefine the system of property rights in favour of households directly dependent on fishing for their livelihood. It also raises questions on how the policy could improve economic prospects for the intended beneficiaries, but that it would also require a mix of management and financial inputs, infrastructure facilities, and institutional support. This paper discusses an experimental mechanism through which these necessary inputs could be provided i.e. through active involvement of fishing communities and non-governmental organisations (NGOS).

Ahmed, M. and T.S. Tana. 1995. Management of freshwater capture fisheries of Cambodia - issues and approaches.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 2 FCM; food security; regulation; policy; conflict; rural; development; Cambodia; Asia; freshwater; common-property

Abstract: Located in the Lower Mekong Basin, the inland waters of Cambodia support an extensive fishery and provide food security to the country's largely subsistence oriented population. Current fishery production from inland waters is estimated to be more than 100.000 tons, one third of which come from subsistence fishing. Despite government regulations, the fishery is threatened by loss of critical habitats like the inundated forests, and destructive fishing practices and increasing commercial exploitation. The paper reviews the consequences of existing systems of management and fishing righs allocation. Inequality in the allocation of fishing access and distribution of benefits is a major policy issue. With no alternative income earning opportunities, low risks of apprehension and penalties and continuing internal conflicts regulatory management has become less and less effective. The paper concludes that redefining of user rights, extension of institutional responsibilites for management towards the fishing community and integration of fisheries management with the overall rural development in the fishing communities should be an essentilal element of future policy.

Albrecht, D.E. 1990. Transactions between State Managers and Native Fishermen: Co- management on the Kuskokwim River, Alaska.

Keywords : co-management; state; commons; 3 FCM (-); Alaska; common-property

Alcala, A.C. and F.J.V. Vusse. 1993. The role of government in coastal management. R.S.Pomeroy. (ed.) Community Management and Common Property of Coastal Fisheries in Asia and the Pacific: Concepts, Methods and Experiences. p. 12-9. ICLARM, Manila, Philippines.

Keywords : co-management; commons; Asia; method; 2 FCM; UK; General; Pacific; Philippines; state; law; overfishing; government; community management; common-property

Abstract: The Philippines has an extensive and highly productive marine resource base that provides livelihood and sustenance for a significant portion of the population. A state property management regime is clearly spelled out in the law. Overfishing is widespread. The production potential of coastal waters has been further compromised by pollution. The current situation of fisheries management is described and discusses new approaches to fisheries management including a discussion of the role of government.

ALCOM. 1994. Aquaculture into the 21st century in Southern Africa. ALCOM. (ed.) FAO, Harare. 15. pp.1-48.

Keywords : co-management; aquaculture; Southern Africa; Africa; status; policy; development; fish farming; institutions

Abstract: This report presents the findings of the Working Group on the Future of ALCOM, which was appointed by the fifth Steering Committee Meeting in February 1992. The Working Group met three times during 1992 and 1993. It gathered information and data on the status and trends in aquaculture in the SADC region, SADC's and governments' policies and plans, and donor policies and support to the sector. It analyzed the outlook for aquaculture development (inland fish farming, fisheries and aquaculture on reservoirs, and marine and brackishwater aquaculture) and development needs in a ten-year perspective. Based on the analysis the Working Group proposes a continued regional programme for 1995 - 1999, focusing on experimental work on small-scale market-oriented inland aquaculture, fisheries and aquaculture on reservoirs, coastal small-scale aquaculture, and strengthening of aquaculture institutions.

Alegret, J.-L. 1994. Ancien Social Institutions versus "Modern" Economic Organizations: Are Producers' Organizations an alternative to the confrar?es?

Keywords : co-management; institutions; organizations; 2FCM; Cooperative; Europe; economics; 2 FCM; EU; commons; policy; Spain; producer organisations; organisation; social institutions; workshop

Abstract: This paper makes some preliminary observation of the EU common fisheries policy, describes the Confraries (fishermens cooperatives) in Spain and contrasts their functions with Producer Organisations.

Alegret, J.L. 1990. Co-Management and Legitimacy in Corporative Fishing Associations.

Keywords : co-management; legitimacy; 3 FCM; Cooperative; Europe; Spain; organisation; state; regulation

Abstract: This paper describes the organisation and activities of the Confraries de Pescadores (fishermen's cooperatives) in Catalonia, Spain. The organisations are described in terms of their history, structure and organisation. The state has delegated administrative powers to the Confraries and they cooperate in regulations and control of the fisheries. The paper concludes that the Confraries are the only legitimate organisation which represents the whole fishing sector.

Algret, J.L. 1990. Co-Management and Legitimacy in Corporative Fishing Associations.

Keywords : co-management; legitimacy; 3 FCM; Spain

Alix, J.C. 1989. Community-based Resources Management: The Experience of the Central Visayas Regional Project-I. T.-E.Chua. and D.Pauly. (eds.) Coastal area management in Southeast Asia: Policies, manag. strategies and case studies. ICLARM Conf. Procee. 19. p. 185-90.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; Visayas; Asia; case study; 1 - 2 CBM; policy; strategy

Amend, D.F. 1989. Alaska's Regional Aquaculture Associations: Co-management of Salmon in Southern Southeast Alaska. Pinkerton, E. (ed.) In Cooperative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Manage ment and Community Development. p. 125-35. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.

Keywords : aquaculture; co-management; salmon; Cooperative; development; 3 FCM; North America; Alaska; state

Abstract: This paper describes the background that allowed the development of the Southern Southeast Regional Aquaculture Association (SSRAA), outlines the structures of the SSRAA and describes how it functions. Co-management occures between state and user groups through shared responsibilities for the resource and sharing management with the user groups within the SSRAA. Differences between the fucntion of various Regional Aquaculture Associations are also discussed.

Anbalagan, K. et al. 1997. Participation in fishing communities. International Institute for Environment and Development. Sustainable Agriculture Programme.

Keywords : co-management; participation

Andersen, P. 1983. An introduction to and a translation of Warming's 1911-article 'On rent of fishing grounds'. History of Political Economy.15.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM

Anderson, E.N., Jr. 1987. A Malaysian Tragedy of the Commons. The Question of the Commons, The Culture and Ecology of Communal Resources. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 2 FCM

Anonuevo, C.T. 1993. The role of nongovernmental organizations in community-based coastal resources management. R.S.Pomeroy. (ed.) Community Management and Common Property of Coastal Fisheries in Asia and the Pacific: Concepts, Methods and Experiences. p. 145-8. ICLARM, Manila, Philippines.

Keywords : co-management; organizations; community-based; commons; Asia; Pacific; method; 2 FCBM; community management; common-property

Arifin, B. 1995. Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Commons: The Case of an Indonesian Subark.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 1 CBM; Bod? '95; Indonesia; common-property

Aronson, D.R. 1985. Implementing Local Participation: The Niger Range and Livestock Project. Nomadic Peoples.18. June. pp.67-75.

Keywords : co-management; participation; project; 1 CM (-)

Aryal, M.M. 1985. Participatory Irrigation Management: Bhadrutar and Hakuwa Canals (Nukwakot District). Agricultural Development Council. Kathmandu, Nepal.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CM (-)

Asian Development Bank. 1986. Irrigation System Improvement and Farmer Participation: A Case Study at Nong Wai, Thailand. Irrigation and Rural Development Department, Asian Development Bank. Manila, Philippines.

Keywords : co-management; participation; case study; 1 CM (-)

Atapattu, A.R. 1994. Community-Based Approaches to Fisheries Management: The Role of Marketing Development and Fisheries Cooperatives in Improving Socio-Economic Condition. Socioeconomic Issues in Coastal Fisheries Management: Proceedings of the IPCF Symposium. RAPA Publication.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; development; socio-economic; 3 FCM (-); socioeconomic

Atti-Mama, C. 1996. Trends in the management of continental fisheries in Benin: The case of Lake Nokue. Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; Benin; Lake Nokoue; project

Atti-Mama, C. 1997. Trends in the management of continental fisheries in Benin: The case of Lake Nokoue.

Keywords : co-management; Benin; Lake Nokoue; Malawi; workshop

Ayles, G.B. and R.M. Clarke. 1991. Overview of Cooperative Management for Canada's Arctic Fisheries.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; commons; Canada; 3 FCM (-); common-property

Bailey, C. 1982. Small-scale fisheries of San Miguel Bay, Philippines: occupational and geographic mobility. ICLARM. ICLARM Technical Reports, No. 10. Institute of Fisheries Development and Research, College of Fisheries, University of the Philippines in the Visayas; ICLARM; The United Nations University University Quezon City, Manila, Tokyo

Keywords : co-management; Philippines; San Miguel; project; development; market; Asia; socioeconomic; processing; economics; women; household; developing world; effort; enforcement; regulation

Abstract: The possibility of raising incomes and standards of living among small-scale fishermen in much of the developing world is constrained by the limited nature of their fishery resources. In this report existing patterns and future potentials for occupational and geographic mobility among small-scale fishermen of San Miguel Bay, Philippines were examined to determine whether such mobility has led or is likely to lead to a reduction of surplus fishing labor or improvements in the prodcutivity and incomes of those fishermen who remain.

Existing alternatives to fishing within the local economy were examined and found to offer only limited potential for absorbing labor from the fisheries sector. A high degree of stated willingness to change both occupation and residence was found to exist among fishermen regardless of age, educational attainment, ownership of house or land, and type of fisherman (owner-operator, crewman).

Examination of census data at the community level for the period 1939-1980 using census-survival techniques indicated substantial net out-migration from the San Miguel Bay area. Nonetheless, in absolute terms, numbers of fishermen have increased during this period, contributing to heavy pressure on the Bay's marine resoruces. Equally significant in terms of fishing effort were trawlers, which began operating within the Bay during the 1970s. Owned by a small number of families, these trawlers employed 10% of the Bay's fishermen but accounted for 47% of the total catch in 1980.

The issue of competition between small-scale fishermeen and trawler operators in San Miguel Bay was discussed. The appropriateness of displacing small-scale fisehrmen from their traditional fishing grounds was questioned, especially where alternative employment opportunities are limited, as is the case in the San Miguel Bay area. In the long term the encouragement of economic alternatives to fishing was fournd to be essential, but in the short term, efforts to improve conditions among small-scale fishermen might more effectively be based on better enforcement of current management regulations, which are designed to limit competition between small-scale fishermen and trawlers.

Bailey, C. et al. 1990. The Kapuas River Fishery: Problems and Opportunities of Local Resource Management.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 3 FCBM (-); common-property

Bailey, C. and C. Zerner. 1992. Community-Based Fisheries Management Institutions in Indonesia. MAST.5. 1. pp.1-17.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; Indonesia; 2 FCM; institutions

Bailey, C. and C. Zerner. 1992. Community-based fisheries management institutions in Indonesia.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; institutions; Indonesia; case study; enforcement; consensus; market; policy

Abstract: Problems and prospects associated with community-based management of tropical fisheries resources are examined through a comparative case study based on field research conducted in Indonesa during 1990 and 1991. The argument is made that the central government lacks both the detailed knowledge of local ecosystems and the enforcement capability necessary to effectively manage highly diverse fisheries resources in this large archipelagic nation.

Community-based fisheries management systems have a long history in Indonesia and under certain conditions have proven effective not only in managing fishery resources on a sustainable basis, but also in fairly allocating access to these resources among local users. The dynamics of such systems are illustrated by comparing community-based management of a freshwater fishery in West Kalimantan Province with systems used for managing marine fisheries in Maluku Province. In both cases, long-standing management systems are shown to be based on detailed local knowledge and consensus among community members. These systems are shown to be dynamic and adaptive, but wether they can adapt to new pressures created by rapidly changing market conditions and government authorities seeking additional tax revenues is left as an open question. The case study materials are followed by a critical examination of the opportunities and problems associated with community-based fisheries management. The paper concludes with a set of specific policy recommendations that would encourage recognition of local rights to resources, decentralization of responsibility for fisheries management and a recapitulation of the reasons for doing so.

Baily, C. 1986. Government Protection of Traditional Resource Use Rights-The Case of Indonesian Fisheries. Community Management, Asien Experience and Perspectives. Kumarian Press.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCM; government; community management

Baines, G.B.K. 1989. Traditional Resource Management in the Melanesian South Pacific: A Development Dilemma. Fikret Berkes. (ed.) Common Property Resources: Ecology and Community-Based Sustainable Development. p. 273-95. Belhaven Press, London.

Keywords : co-management; Pacific; development; commons; 2 FCBM; community-based; sustainable development; common-property

Baines, G.B.K. 1997. A Traditional Base for Inshore Fisheries Development in the Solomon Islands. Kenneth Ruddle. and Robert E.Johannes. (eds.) The Traditional Knowledge and Management of Coastal Systems in Asia and the Pacific. p. 43-52. UNESCO, Regional Office for Science and Technology for Southeast Asia, Y1 - 1985 Jakarta, Indonesia.

Keywords : co-management; development; Asia; Pacific; Solomon Islands; Solomon; 3 FCBM (-); economics; tuna

Abstract: Some features of traditional fisheries of the Solomon Islands are reported on with reference to the government's determination that economic development should be tempered by tradition. The nature of traditional rights, perceptions of these and of living marine resources within traditional areas, and the relevance of both primary and secondary rights, are explained. Emphasis is given to a question the answer to which will have far-reaching implications for development - whether traditional rights are rights to use or to own. Skipjack tuna industry arrangements for harvesting bait fish from traditional fisheries areas are questioned. Factors to be considered in establishing tradition-based inshore fisheries regimes are listed, and it is proposed that a "basic fisheries tradition" for each culture should be determined.

Ballabh, V. and K. Singh. 1987. People's Participation in Management of Natural Forests: The Experiences and Lessons from Van Panchayats of Uttar Pradesh Hills.

Keywords : co-management; participation; 1 CM (-)

Barrett, G. 1993. Flexible Specialisation and Rural Comminity Development. The Case of Nova Scotia. North Atlantic Studies - Fishing Communities.Vol. 3, No. 2.

Keywords : co-management; rural; development; 3 FCBM; Nova Scotia

Bay, S.M. 1995. Initiatives towards fisheries co-management in the Philippines. Marine Policy.Vol. 19. No. 3. pp.213-226.

Keywords : co-management; Philippines; 3 FCM

Bayley, R.M. 1989. Policies to Improve the Management of the Clam Resource in British Columbia: Common Pool versus Private Property Resource Management.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 2 FCM (-); policy; British Columbia

Bell, R.K. and David V.Gillman. 1991. Cooperative Fisheries Management in Canada's Western Arctic.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; commons; Canada; 3 FCM (-); common-property

Belliveau, M. et al. 1995. An Overview of Fisheries Co-Management User participation in fisheries managment. Lessons drawn from international experiences. Marine Policy.Vol. 19. No. 3. pp.227-246.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM; participation

Belliveau, M. et al. 1995. An overview of fisheries co-management. Baker, R. et al, (eds.) The coastal communities network. pp.1-87.

Keywords : co-management; Japan; Norway; Alaska; New Zealand; Canada; Nova Scotia; network; General

Abstract: A general overview of fisheries co-management is presented. Examples of fisheries co-manageent in Japan, Norway, Alaska, New Zealand and Canada are described. Co-managemen issues in Nova Scotia are then discussed.

Benjaminsen, T.A. 1995. Natural resource management and decentralisation. Towards comanagement in Mali.Centre for Development and the Environment (SUM), University of Oslo. Working Paper 1995.3.

Keywords : co-management; decentralisation; Mali; Africa; environment; development; commons; participation; state

Abstract: During the last few years, there has been considerable discussion concerning the environment in African drylands and the management of its resources. Several studies discuss what has been labelled a paradigm shift in Sahelian Natural Resource Management. Earlier, the mainstream view has made local people responsible for causing natural resource degradation. Today alternative views are emerging in fields such as pastoral development, management of common property resources, fuelwood management and in development thinking (the new stress on participation and decentralisation). These new paradigms are discussed in relation to the forthcoming decentralisation reform in Mali. During the colonial period, a heavily centralised government was installed in all the French colonies. The Malian government after independence have maintained this centralised structure. However, after the overthrow of former president Moussa Traor? in March 1991, critique against the centralised state and calls for decentralisation have increasingly been heard. The new government, which was elected in 1992, is now reviewing the structure and functioning of the administrative system of the state. The proposals so far are to establish Communes containing a few villages or nomadic fractions. Councils will be elected to independently administrate the territorial units belonging to the Communes. The state will only be represented by an advisor in each Commune. Possible problems and potentials of the decentralisation reform in Mali related to natural resource management are discussed referring to the comanagement model, and to examples of customary local natural resource management in Mali.

Berkes, F. 1977. Fishery Resource Use in a Subarctic Indian Community. Human Ecology.5. 4. pp.289-307.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCBM

Berkes, F. 1979. An Investigation of Cree Indian Domestic Fisheries in Northern Quebec. Arctic 32. pp.46-70.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCBM; Cree

Berkes, F. 1981. The Role of Self-Regulation in Living Resource Management in the North. Freeman, M.M.R. (ed.) Renewable Resources and the Economy of the North. p. 143-60. Ass. of Can. Univ. for North. Res. and the Canada Man and the Biosphere Program, Ottawa, Ontario.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCBM (-); regulation; participation; Cooperative; development; General; status; local level; case study; Cree; institution

Abstract: This paper argues that there are basically two alternative approaches to living resources management, and a third representing some combination of the first two. The first is management by regulations established by various government agencies, in accordance with the results of scientific studies and the perceived need to limit the harvest to levels that can be sustained by the game populations. This is referred to as regulation from the outside, as opposed to self-regulation, which is the second approach. In its pure form, the second approach is to leave all management power and responsibility with the local community. This effectively would mean complete deregulation; its proponents include leaders of some native groups who hold the view that there should be no outside government interference with native hunting, fishing and trapping activities.

The two approaches may be combined in various ways. One such family of hybrid approaches is native participation in scientific studies. Examples may include the employment of northern native research assistants, "cooperative research" undertaken jointly by government and local/regional native agencies, and the development of northern native scientific community. In each case, native participation would be valuable and sometimes necessary, as these mechanisms would bring native concerns to the foreground, as well as providing the benefit of native knowledge of local resources. These objectives, although worthwhile, are insufficient in themselves if the regulatory mechanism does not involve native participation, and if the information so collected ultimately serves only the purposes of regulation from the outside.

Another family or hybrid approaches would be to rely on southern science to set the framework for management, but would then involve the local communities in working out the actual regulations and allocation where allocation may be an issue. Again, user-group participation in management decisions in general, and local native participation in northern living resource management in particular, are valuable and necessary. However, this approach divorces the biological aspects of management, as if the native people had no contribution to make, from the political aspects of management. A major shortcoming of this approach is that the regulatory decisions so taken may lack credibility from the native point of view if there is disagreement on the status of the stocks.

This study mainly deals with another famil of hybrid approaches: that which strives to combine self-regulation with regulation from the outside, and scientific resource management with control at the local level. The study will attempt to evaluate the conditions under which one alternative approach or the other may be more appropriate as the major management mechanism for the task at hand. The assumption here is that the desired outcome (the task) is the pursuit of optimum natural productivity of living resources.

The approach will be based on the case study of the Cree Indian people of eastern James Bay and their resources. First, traditional management techniques and practices will be discussed. Second, the trapline system, as the key "traditional" institution in the land tenure system, will be assessed further. Third, the conditions under which the native land tenure system tends to break down will be evaluated. Next will be an analysis of the appropriate management approaches, by animal group, leading to a discussion of prospects and possibilities of management by design, as opposed to management by outside regulation.

Berkes, F. 1981. Fisheries of the James Bay Area and Northern Quebec: A Case- Study in Resource Management. Milton M.R.Freeman. (ed.) Renewable Resources and the Economy of the North. p. 143-60. Ass. of Can. Univ. for North. Res. and the Canada Man and the Biosphere Program, Ottawa, Ontario.

Keywords : co-management; case study; 3 FCBM (-)

Berkes, F. 1984. Alternative Styles in Living Resources Management: The Case of James Bay, Quebec. Environments.16. 3. pp.114-123.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCBM

Berkes, F. 1985. Fishermen and "The Tragedy of the Commons". Environmental Conservation.Vol. 12, Nr. 3.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 2 FCM; tragedy of the commons

Berkes, F. 1985. The Common Property Resource Problem and the Creation of Limited Property Rights. Human Ecology.Vol. 13. No. 2.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 2 FCM; common-property

Berkes, F. 1986. Marine Inshore Fishery Management in Turkey. Proceedings of the Conference on Common Property Resource Management. National Academic Press, Washington, D.C.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 3 CBM (-); common-property

Berkes, F. 1986. Local-Level Management and the Commons Problem: A Comparative Study of Turkish Coastal Fisheries. Marine Policy.10. July. pp.215-229.

Keywords : co-management; local level; commons; 3 FCBM

Berkes, F. 1987. Common-Property Resource, Management and Cree Indian, Fisheries in Subarctic Canada. The Question of the Commons, The Culture and Ecology of Communal Resources. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Keywords : co-management; Canada; commons; 2 FCBM; common-property; Cree

Berkes, F. 1987. The Common Property Resource Problem and the Fisheries of Barbados and Jamaica. Environmental Management.Vol. 11, No. 2. pp.225-235.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 3 FCM; Jamaica; common-property; Barbados

Berkes, F. 1988. Environmental Philosophy of the Chisasibi Cree People of James Bay. Freeman, M.M.R. and L.N. Carbyn (eds.) Traditional Knowledge and Renewable Resource Management in Northern Regions. p. 7-21. Boreal Institute for Northern Studies, Edmonton, Canada.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CBM (-); method; technology; rules; Cree; Chisasibi

Abstract: The ability to use resources in a sustainable manner stems from a combination of two factors: a. the possession of appropriate local ecological knowledge and suitable methods / technology to exploit resources, and b. a philosophy and environmental ethic to keep exploitive abilities in check and to provide ground rules by which the relation among humans and animals may be regulated. The first of these two factors, traditional knowledge, has already been discussed and documented extensively for the eastern Cree people. This paper emphasizes the second of the two, and specifically focuses on the following Cree beliefs: a. it is the animals, not people, who control the success of the hunt, b. hunters-fishermen have certain obligations to fulfill towards the animals to ensure a productive hunt, and c. a contiuned, proper use of resources is important for sustainability. The hunter's obligation towards animals are intertwined with social obligations, so that the environmental ethic of the Chisasibi Cree is an integral part of a comprehensive philosophy of life. Cree environmental philosophy is relevant to the implementation of sustainable resource use practices. It is also relevant to the "ecosystem approach" in which human social systems need to be considered part of natural ecological systems.

Berkes, F. 1989. Co-Management and the James Bay Agreement. Evelyn Pinkerton. (ed.) Co-Operative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Management and Community Development. p. 189-208. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; development; 3 FCM; UK; Consultative; North America

Abstract: This paper describes the history behind the James Bay Agreement, the Agreement, the fish and wildlife provisions of the Agreement, the problems and constraints of the Coordinating Committee set up by the Agreement and the issues which need to be resolved.

Berkes, F. 1993. Success and Failure in Marine Coastal Fisheries of Turkey. Daniel W.Bromley. (ed.) Making The Commons Work. Theory, Practice and Policy. ICS Press, Institute for Contemporary Studies, San Francisco, California.

Keywords : co-management; commons; theory; 3 FCM; policy

Berkes, F. 1994. Co-Management: Bridging the Two Solitudes. Northern Perspective.Vol. 22. No.2-3.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM; North America

Abstract: The term "two solitudes" refers to two management systems that existed in the Canadian North in isolation of one antoher: the government's resource management system based on Western science and the aboriginal resource use system based on culture, belief and practice. Aboriginal land claims agreements in the Canadian North, all of which have co-management provisions, have forced these two systems to recognize and to deal with the other. The experience has been mixed. There have been many obstacles to workable co-management arrangements, but there is reason for cautious optimism because in many ways the two types of knowledge and resource management systems complement one another.

Berkes, F. 1995. Community-based management of common property resources. Encyclopedia of Environmental Biology. Volume 1. p. 371-3. Academic Press, Inc.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; commons; biology; participation; conservation; effort; common-property

Abstract: As with many other species, human populations or communities may develop social self-regulatory mechanisms, such as territoriality, in the use of resources on which they depend. Community-based resource management has been important in traditional societies and continues to be significant in the contemporary world. This is because local people who farm, hunt, fish, or simply enjoy an area are more familiar with it than are outsiders; they may have a broader contextual understanding of the envorinment or a longer time series of observations on it; and local participation in resource management ensures self-interest without which conservation efforts will likely fail.

Berkes, F. and Aykut Kence. 1987. Fisheries and the Prisoner's Dilemma Game: Conditions for the Evolution of Coopera tion Among Users of Common Property Resources. Mimeo.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 2 FCM (-); common-property

Berkes, F. and C. Folke. 1994. Linking social and ecological systems for resilience and sustainability.

Keywords : co-management; resilience; workshop; property rights; economics; commons; institutions

Abstract: The general objective of the subproject is to investigate how the resilience of certain selected ecosystems can be improved by learning from traditional and newly emergent social-ecological systems, and how potential new principles derived from this study can be used to investigate how degraded ecosystems could be restored to generate a sustainable flow of services. To accomplish this task, social and ecological linkages in selected ecosystem types will be investigated systematically, using a common analytical framework. Specifically, in each of the study areas, we propose to investigate:

1. How the local system manages ecosystem processes and species/populations;

2. How the local system maintains ecosystem resilience in the face of perturbations;

3. The combinations of property rights arrangements, institutions, and knowledge systems which accomplish the above successfully.

Berkes, F. et al. 1991. Co-Management - The Evolution in Theory and Practice of the Joint Administration of Living Resources. Alternatives.Vol. 18. No. 2. pp.12-18.

Keywords : co-management; theory; 2 FCM; North America; economics; local level; state; conflict; participation

Abstract: The article explores the idea that co-management and self-management is at the core of social and economic health of many native communities. The role of native groups in the management of the resources they use is explored. A description of local level and state level systems as well as co-management arrangements are discussed. A number of co-management arrangements have been evolving in the Canadian North. The author emphasises the importance of the security of land tenure for long term resource management, using the examples of traditional resource management of the Western and Eastern Bay Cree peoples. Traditional management of wildlife resources have often been in conflict with state managment regimes. The importance of greater Cree participation in, and responsibility for, control of local resources through co-management is considered critical to sustainable resource management.

Berkes, F. and M. Kislalioglu. 1989. A comparative study of yield, investment, and energy use in small-scale fisheries. Fisheries Research.Vol.7.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; regulation; market; law

Abstract: The paper, based on data collected from 16 different fisheries around the world, searches ways to characterize the scale of a fishery and the appropriate management regimes for fisheries of differerent scales. The small-scale fishery, definable by the levels of investment, energy use and fish yield, is characterized by using fishing areas which are generally within a day of sailing from a home port. Management regimes for such fisheries need to be different from larger-scale industrial fisheries which have the capability to deplete one area and to move on.

The interplay of potentially viable community-based management regimes for small-scale fisheries and the necessity of government regulation and the use of market mechanisms for the larger-scale fisheries is significant in the context of the 1982 Law of the Sea. The responsibility of governments have expanded within the new 200-mil territorial seas, often without a concomitant increase in management capability. Can governments, especially the governments in the Third World countries in which most of the small-scale fishehes are found, cope with the new responsibility?

Berkes, F. and M. Kislalioglu. 1989. Community-based management and sustainable development: A framework for research.

Keywords : co-management; development; 2 FCBM; community-based; sustainable development

Berkes, F. and D. Pocock. 1981. Self-Regulation of Commercial Fisheries of the Outer Long Point Bay, Lake Erie. Journal of Great Lakes Resources.7. 2. pp.111-116.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCBM (-)

Berkes, F. and D. Pocock. 1983. The Ontario Native Fishing Agreement in Perspective, A Study in User-Group Ecology. Environments.15. 3. pp.17-26.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCM; Ontario; Canada

Berkes, F. and A.B. Shaw. 1986. Ecologically Sustainable Development: A Carribean Fisheries Case Study. Revue Canadienne D'Etudes Du Developpment VOL - 7. pp.175-196.

Keywords : co-management; development; case study; 3 FCBM (-); sustainable development; Caribbean; Barbados; Jamaica; effort; socioeconomic

Abstract: Self-sufficienty in fish production has been an elusive goal of many Eastern Caribbean nations despite decades of fishery development. The thrust and the outcome of fishery development strategies have been quite different in Barbados and Jamaica and have resulted in the orientation of effort to different fish resource types. Barbados has a major offshore fleet while Jamaica has a large reef fishery but no offshore fleet. An analysis of these fisheries is used to develop a broad concept of development incorporating a range of concerns, from the long-term sustainability of the resource base (the sustainable development apporach), to the socioeconomic development of the fishermen.

Berkes, F. and A.H. Smith. 1995. Coastal marine property rights: The second transformation. Juinio-Me?ez, M.A. and G.F. Newkirk (eds.) Philippine coastal resources under stress. p. 103-13. Coastal Resources Research Network, Dalhousie University & Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, Halifax, Canada & Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.

Keywords : co-management; property rights; Philippines; tragedy of the commons; commons; Hardin; development; aquaculture; economics

Abstract: Property rights in marine coastal resources in many parts of the world have been transformed over historical time from communal-property (in which access and management are controlled by an identifiable group) to open-access (in which the resource is freely accessible to all potential users). It is this open-acccss regime that leads to the Tragedy of the Commons (Hardin, 1968), as common-property theorists have made it clear. Yet, much of the recent fishery development literature continues to confuse common-property with open-access, even though the distinction between the two regimes is critical for the success of aquaculture.

In many countries and especially in ecologically stressed areas, a second transformation in property rights in marine coastal resources seems imminent. This transformation is associated with the restoration of property rights over resources, as fisheries and other marine resources move from capture to culture. Aquaculture is developing in response both to the non-sustainable use of unmanaged wild stocks, and to demands that exceed the capability of even well-managed stocks. The driving forces of aquaculture are biological and economic, but the impediments appear to be more social, cultural and legal. Experience with cultivation of edible red algae in St. Lucia, West Indies, provides some insights regarding a research agenda related to property rights issues in the development of coastal aquaculture.

Berry, S. 1989. Social institutions and access to resources. Africa.59. (1). pp.41-55.

Keywords : akn; co-management; institutions; Africa; social institutions

Bhatt, C.P. 1990. The Chipko Andolan: Forest Conservation Based on People's Power. Environment and Urbanization.2. April. pp.7-18.

Keywords : co-management; conservation; 1 CM (-)

Binder, L.N. and B. Hanbidge. 1991. Aboriginal People and Resource Co-management: The Inuvialuit of the Western Arctic and Resource Co-management under a Land Claims Settlement.

Keywords : co-management; commons; Canada; 1 CM (-); common-property

Blair, H.W. 1986. Social Forestry in India: Participatory Planning and Program Change.

Keywords : co-management; India; 1 CM (-); planning

Bland, J.-M. and J.-P. Platteau. 1994. Halting Degradation of Natural Resources: Is There a Role for Rural Communities. Oxford University Press.

Keywords : co-management; rural; 1-2 FCBM (-)

Bland, S.J.R. 1992. Community Based Management for the Fisheries of Malawi.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; Malawi; development; Southern Africa; Africa; 3 FCBM

Bland, S.J.R. and S.J. Donda. 1995. Common Property and Poverty. Fisheries Co-Management in Malawi.

Keywords : co-management; commons; Malawi; 3 FCM; Bod? '95; poverty; development; policy; growth; rural; household; food security; General; method; economics; common-property

Abstract: Malawi's economy is fragile, dominated mainly by the production and export of agricultural products. National development policy concentrates on growth through poverty alleviation, and the fisheries sector has a key role to play through the provision of rural employment and, more importantly, through its contribution to household food security. Per capita consumption of fish in Malawi si declining as the population grows at a rate of 3.2% per annum, pressures on natural resources are high and have led to severe environmental degradation. The problems of chronically low incomes amongst many of the world's fishermen has received much attention. Poverty alleviation among fisherfolk is a common, though often elusive, policy objective. One of the reasons for this is the general lack of understanding of the features and factors of this poverty and without such an understanding any policy is unlikely to achieve the desired results. A large body of work suggests that another reason for this persistent chronic poverty is attributed to the common property nature of capture fisheries and the associated dissipation of resource rent.

Resource rent dissipation does not, in itself, cause poverty but as an employer of last resort with low entry barriers and relatively high exit barriers, the fisheries sector concentrate individuals with low opportunity costs. This low opportunity cost is a contributory factor as is the disquilibrium of opportunity cost due to physical and emotional immobility of the work force. The only available method for increasing incomes thus seems to be increasing the opportunity costs by developing alternative employment opportunities.

Fisheries in Malawi have reached a critical point in the development process where emphasis is changing from one of technology-led production increases to the establishment of sustainable resource utilisation. Effective resource management must involve the fishing communities in efforts to limit access, and these changes must occur in parallel with the development of alternative, non-primary productive income earning opportunities for lakeshore communities to raise opportunity costs and broaden the economic base. Such an approach offers the only solution, not only to common property resource management in Malawi, but more general to halting and reversing the downward development spiral.

Bojos, R.M.J. 1993. The Central Visayas Regional Project: experience in community- based coastal resources management. R.S.Pomeroy. (ed.) Community Management and Common Property of Coastal Fisheries in Asia and the Pacific: Concepts, Methods and Experiences. p. 161-4. ICLARM, Manila, Philippines.

Keywords : co-management; Visayas; project; commons; Asia; Pacific; method; 3 FCB; community management; common-property

Boonchuwong, P. 1994. Options for Coastal Resource Management: A Case Study on Small- Scale Fisheries and Shrimp Cultivation in Pak Phanang Bay, Southern Thailand. Socioeconomic Issues in Coastal Fisheries Management: Proceedings of the IPCF Symposium. RAPA Publication.

Keywords : co-management; case study; 3 FCBM (-); socioeconomic

Breton, M. 1991. Cooperative Management in Northern Quebec.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; commons; Canada; 1 CM (-); common-property

Brett, J.P. 1982. The Bontok Model of Village Participatory Decision Making. Integrated Research Center, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines

Keywords : co-management; development; 1 CM (-); model

Brown, C.K. 1986. Report of the People's Participation Project (Ghana), Workshop on Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation. Food and Agriculture Organization, Human Resources, Institutions and Agrarian Reform Division. Rome.

Keywords : co-management; participation; project; evaluation; 1 CM (-); Ghana; workshop

Buck, S.J.[. 1989. Multi-jurisdictional Resources: a Topology for Problem Structuring. Fikret Berkes. (ed.) Common Property Resources: Ecology and Community-Based Sustainable Development. p. 127-47. Belhaven Press, London.

Keywords : co-management; commons; community-based; 2 FCM; development; sustainable development; common-property

Budhathoki, P. 1987. The Importance of Community Forestry Management in Remote Areas: Experience in Jajarkot District. Banko Janakari.1. 4. pp.24-29.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CBM (-)

Buhat, D. 1994. Community-Based Coral Reef and Fisheries Management, San Salvador Island, Philippines. Collaborative and Community-Based Management of Coral Reefs. Kumarian Press, Inc.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; San Salvador; 3 FCBM; Philippines; coral reef

Busiahn, T.R. 1989. The Development of State/Tribal Co-Management of Wisconsin Fisheries. Evelyn Pinkerton. (ed.) Co-Operative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Management and Community Development. p. 170-85. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.

Keywords : development; co-management; Cooperative; 3 FCM; Consultative; North America; status; inland fisheries; state

Abstract: This paper describes the development and status of Lake Superior and inland fishery co-managment in Wisconsin. The state was determined to reach a mutually acceptable agreement with Indian tribal governments and user groups. Negotiations have been marked by severe controversy and an emphasis on controlling political damage to state politicians and agencies forced to deal with the unpopular treaty rights issue. The negotiation process is described. Compromises were reached on several unlitigated issues on Lake Superior including harvest allocation and tribal involvement in fishery management.

B?e, T. et al. 1997. Management, co-management, or no-management? Major dilemmas in sustainable exploitation of inland fisheries in the SADC countries.

Keywords : akn; co-management; project; Southern Africa; Norway; inland fisheries

Cadelina, A.M. 1976. Fishermen's Perception of Silliman University's Sumilon Island Marine Conservation Program: Preliminary Findings. Silliman Journal.Vol. XXIII, No. 4.

Keywords : co-management; conservation; 3 FCM

Calavan, M.M. 1986. Community Management in Rural Northeastern Thailand. Community Management, Asien Experience and Perspectives. Kumarian Press.

Keywords : co-management; rural; 1 CBM; community management

Campbell, G. and D'Arcy J.Davis-Case. 1987. Notes on Framework for Approaching Participation and Information Exchange.

Keywords : co-management; participation; 1 CM (-)

Carlos, M.B. and R.S. Pomeroy. 1995. Review and Evaluation of Community-Based Coastal Resource Management Projects in the Philippines, 1984-1994. ICLARM

Keywords : co-management; evaluation; community-based; project; Philippines; research report; 2 FCBM; Denmark; workshop

Carlsson, L. 1994. Swedish Common Forests: Implementation study of collectively- owned forest lands. Lulee University, Division of political science.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 1 CM

Carrier, J.G. 1987. Marine Tenure and Conservation in Papue New Guinea. Problems in interpretation. The Question of the Commons, The Culture and Ecology of Communal Resources. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Keywords : co-management; conservation; commons; 2 FCBM

Carrier, J.G. and A.H. Carrier. 1987. Marine Tenure and Economic Reward on Ponam Island, Manus Province. John C.Cordell. (ed.) A Sea of Small Boats. Cultural Survival, Inc., Cambridge, MA.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCBM; economics

Centre for maritime study and social action.Commission of the European Communities. 1994. Report of the Seminar on credit for artisanal fisheries in West Africa. Abidjan, Ctte d'Ivoire, 16-20 September 1991. p.1Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Keywords : co-management; European Community; credit; artisanal; West Africa; Africa; Ctte d'Ivoire

Cereceda, L.E. and G. Wormald. 1991. Privatization of the sea for seaweed production in Chile. Nature & Resources.Vol. 27, No. 4. pp.31-37.

Keywords : co-management; Chile; 2 FCBM (-); commons; organizations; seaweed

Abstract: This article analyses the effects that privatization of the sea in Chile has had on small-scale fishermen engaged in common property extraction and cultivation of seaweed. During the last five years, they have become an important sector in the country, representing more than 22% of the total labour force engaged in the fishing sector. Attention is also paid to the way in which these producers have reacted to this new reality, including a look at the strengths and weaknesses that enable or impede them and/or their organizations to carry out in common their productive activities.

Cernea, M.M. 1989. User Groups as Producers in Participatory Afforestation Strategies. World Bank, Washington, DC.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CM (-); strategy

Chakalall, B. and A. Smith. 1991. Community-Based Management of Fishery Resources in the Carribean.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; commons; Canada; 3 FCBM (-); common-property

Chakalall, B. et al. 1998. Current issues in fisheries governance in the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Marine Policy.Vol. 22. No. 1. pp.29-44.

Keywords : co-management; governance; Caribbean; CARICOM; commons; organizations

Abstract: In this paper we identify the critical issues which Caribbean community (CARICOM) countries must address in defining their approach to fisheries governance. We suggest practical measures which should be taken in order to deal with these issues. Emphasis is placed on institutional reform which builds a broader institutional base for resource management than has been common in the past. Fisheries administrations need to develop partnerships with non-governmental organizations, particularly fisherfolk organizations. This includes strenghening the capacity of those organizations to participate in the management process. There is also the need to strengthen regional organizations within the Caribbean, in order that they may better manage shared resources within the region as well as participate in international management initiatives.

Chambers, R. 1983. Rural development. Putting the last first. Longman Scientific & Technical, Essex.

Keywords : co-management; rural; development; theory

Abstract: Preconceptions dominating rural development are challenged. The central theme of the book is that rural poverty is often unseen or misperceived by outsiders, those who are not themselves rural and poor. Researchers, scientists, administrators and fieldworkers rarely appreciate the richness and validity of rural people's knowledge, or the hidden nature of rural poverty. The author argues for a new professionalism, with fundamental reversals in outsiders' learning, values and behaviour, and proposes more realistic action for tackling rural poverty.

Chambers, R. et al. 1990. To the Hands of the Poor: Water and Trees. Westview Press, Boulder, CO.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CBM (-)

Charles, A.T. et al. 1995. Fisheries Socioeconomics in the Developing World. Regional assessments and an annotated bibliography.

Keywords : co-management; developing world; 1 CM; socioeconomic; bibliography

Chirwa, W.C. 1997. The Lake Malombe and Upper Shire River fisheries co-management: An assessment.University of Malawi. Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; Lake Malombe; Upper Shire; Malawi; Africa; project; strategy; rules; regulation; socio-economic

Abstract: This paper is an assessment of the Lake Malombe and Upper Shire River fisheries in co-management program. It is based on the findings of an in-depth documentation study done in the area between 1995 and 1996. The focus is on the operations of the program's institutional and administrative structures; decision-making arrangements; and the behavior and attitudes of the co-management partners The paper argues that the initiative to institute the co-management arrangements did not come from the fishing communities in the area. Instead, it came from the Fisheries Department (FD), donor agencies and other external stakeholders. As a result, the philosophical bases of the program have not taken roots. A culture of misrust and suspicion reigns between the co-management partners; and there is no clear definition of obligations and responsibilities among them. Despite these problems, there is a great deal of willingness to cooperate as all the partners perceive benefits accruing from the programs. The co-management strategy is also an important departure from the previous "top-down" approaches in which the FD was responsible for setting the rules and regulations, administering and enforcing them. The new strategy is seen as democratic and empowering, giving the fishing communities a greater say in the management of a resource on which they depend for their socio-economic well-being.

Chopra, K.R. et al. 1988. Sulhomajri and Dhamala Watersheds in Haryana: A Participatory Approach to Management. Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CM (-)

Chopra, K.R. et al. 1990. Participatory Development: People and Common Property Resources. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA.

Keywords : co-management; development; commons; 1 CM (-); common-property

Christy, F.T., Jr. 1982. Territorial Use Rights in Marine Fisheries: Definitions and Conditions. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 227.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCBM

Cohen, F.G. 1989. Treaty Indian Tribes and Washington State: The Evolution of Tribal Involvement in Fisheries Management in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Evelyn Pinkerton. (ed.) Co-Operative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Management and Community Development. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.

Keywords : co-management; state; Cooperative; development; 3FCM; Consultative; North America; Pacific; 3 FCM; Northwest

Abstract: The paper explores the traditional dimension of tribal fisheries management, its reaffirmation and delineation in U.S. v. Washington in 1974 and its development following this decision. It also provides an introductory overview of an extremely complex topic, which involves an intricate web of cultural, biological, political and legal themes. The reader is directed to works that treat Indian treaty fishing rights in more depth and details, especially Uncommon Controversy: Fishing Rights of the Muckleshoot, Puyallup and Nisqually Indians, Indian Tribes: A Continuing Quest for Survival andd Treaties on Trial: The Continuing Controversy over Northwest Indian Fishing Rights.

Cohen, F.G. and Arthur J.Hanson. 1989. Community-Based Resource Management in Canada: An Inventory of Research and Projects. Canadian Commission for UNESCO, Ottawa.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; Canada; project; 1 CBM (-)

Cook, B.A. 1994. International Cooperative Agreements. Social-Fundy herring fisheries. Marine Policy.18. 3. pp.275-283.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; 2 FCM; herring

Cooke, A. and K. Moce. 1995. Current trends in the management of qoliqoli in Fiji.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; Pacific; status

Abstract: The current management status of the Customary Fishing Rights Areas (qoliqoli) is discussed based on an eight week field research period. The research covered issues including the authority to make decisions, decision making, issue of permits, payment and distribution of goodwill, use of ecological knowledge in management measures and cooperation with the Fisheries Division.

Cordell, J. 1987. Introduction: Sea Tenure. John C.Cordell. (ed.) A Sea of Small Boats. Cultural Survival, Inc., Cambridge, MA.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM

Cordell, J. 1987. Social Marginality and Sea Tenure in Bahia. John C.Cordell. (ed.) A Sea of Small Boats. Cultural Survival, Inc., Cambridge, MA.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCBM

Cordell, J. and M.A. McKean. 1993. Sea Tenure in Bahia, Brazil. Daniel W.Bromley. (ed.) Making The Commons Work. Theory, Practice and Policy. ICS Press, Institute for Contemporary Studies, San Francisco, California.

Keywords : co-management; commons; theory; 3 FCBM; policy

Couper, A.D. and H.D. Smith. 1990. The development of fishermen-based policies.

Keywords : co-management; policy; Europe; fishing industry; property rights; quota; development

Abstract: The purpose this paper is to consider the development of fisheries management policies which are more soundly based on the interests of fishermen, with particular reference to changes in the nature of ownership of fisheries resources and the practical measures by which such changes may be managed, bearing in mind the wider context of technical management measures.

Strong emphasis is accordingly placed initially upon the nature of fishing communities, especially in Europe, including the time scales over which these have evolved, which are material to the strength and depth of fishing traditions and thus important from a management point of view. The globalisation of the fishing industry and associated development pressures are noted in this regard. Secondly, certain policy considerations are reviewed, including management objectives and techniques, the role of government, and fishermen's perceptions and responses to management measures. Thirrdly, the development of property rights are considered, including quota management and regional arrangements. Finally the significance of the role of property rights as a form of technical management are discussed in the context of changing European fisheries policy.

Crean, K. 1994. Social Objectives and the Common Fisheries Policy.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 2 FCM; Europe; policy; fishing industry; EU; development; organisation; workshop

Abstract: The paper introduces the concept of social objectives and explores how different parties involved in the fishing industry of the European Union (EU) might interpret the meaning of the phrase. The paper goes on to examine the linkages of the concept in relation to the planning, management and development matrix of a fisheries sector and briefly reviews how other organisations outside the EU have tried to develop social objectives as components of social policy in a fisheries context. In conclusion, the paper questions under what conditions in EU fisheries it would be possible to successfully implement social objectives.

Creed, C. and B.J. McCay. 1989. Dividing up the commons: Co-management of the U.S. surf clam fishery. Marine Resource Utilization.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 3 FCM; surf clam

Cruz, W. 1985. Over-Fishing and Conflict in a Traditional Fishery: A Resource Management Dilemma.

Keywords : co-management; overfishing; conflict; commons; 2 FCBM (-); technology; common-property

Dahl, C. 1988. Traditional marine tenure: A basis for artisanal fisheries management. Marine Policy. January.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCBM; artisanal

Dahl, C. 1990. Traditional Marine Tenure Systems in Micronesia: Implications for Artisanal Fisheries Management.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCBM; artisanal

Dale, N. 1989. Getting to Co-Management: Social Learning in the Redesign of Fisheries Management. Evelyn Pinkerton. (ed.) Co-Operative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Management and Community Development. p. 49-72. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; development; 2 FCM; North America; Pacific; Northwest; case study; conflict; salmon

Abstract: The paper examines the processes that led to co-management in the US Pacific Northwest. An analytical framework based on the ideas of social learning is presented. This is used to analyse the developments in the Pacific Northwest and examine the forces that lie behind social learning in this case. The lessons learned from this case study which might be useful in resolving the conflict in the Britis Columbia salmon fishery are identified.

Darus, B. 1985. The Managem. and Developm. of S.E.A. Small-Scale Fish. and the Example of the Bubun Coastal Village Developm. Project, North Sumatera Prov., Indonesia. Kenneth Ruddle. and Robert E.Johannes. (eds.) The Traditional Knowledge and Management of Coastal Systems in Asia and the Pacific. p. 209-28. UNESCO, Regional Office for Science and Technoloy for Southeast Asia, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Keywords : co-management; project; Indonesia; Asia; Pacific; 2 FCBM (-)

David, A. and D. MacInnes. 1990. Captured and Converting: The Institutionalization of Small Boat Fishing and the Demise of Fisher Self-Management.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 2 FCBM (-); common-property

Davis, A. and S. Jentoft. 1989. Ambivalent Co-operators: Organisational Slack and Utilitarian Rationality in an Eastern Nova Scotian Fisheries Co-operative.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; 3 FCM (-); rationality

Davis, S. 1987. Aboriginal Tenure of the Sea in Arnhem Land, Northern Australia. John C.Cordell. (ed.) A Sea of Small Boats. Cultural Survival, Inc., Cambridge, MA

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM; Australia

Davis, S. 1985. Traditional Management of the Littoral Zone among the Yolngu of North Australia. Kenneth Ruddle. and Robert E.Johannes. (eds.) The Traditional Knowledge and Management of Coastal Systems in Asia and the Pacific. p. 103-24. UNESCO, Regional Office for Science and Technology for Southeast Asia. Jakarta, Indonesia.

Keywords : co-management; Asia; Pacific; 1 FCBM (-); Australia

Davis-Case, D. 1989. Community Forestry: Participatory Assessment, Monitoring and Evaluation. Food and Agriculture Organization. Rome.

Keywords : co-management; evaluation; 1 CM (-)

Davis-Case, D. 1991. Relating Partnership and Power to Common Property Resource Management in Developing Aid.

Keywords : co-management; commons; Canada; 1 CM (-); aid; common-property

Dewees, C.M. 1990. Industry and Government Negotiation: Communication and Change in New Zealand's Individual Transferable Quota System.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM; quota; government

Dhruva Narayana, V.V., et al. 1986. Peoples Participation in Watershed Management: A Good Means.

Keywords : co-management; participation; 1 CM (-)

Diemer, G. and E.C.W.v. Laan. 1983. Using Indigenous Skills and Institutions in Small-Scale Irrigation: An Example from Senegal. Agricultural Administration Unit, Overseas Development Institute, London.

Keywords : co-management; institutions; 1 CM (-); network; Senegal

Donda, S. 1997. Fisheries co-management in Malawi. Case study of Lake Chiuta fisheries. Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; Malawi; case study; Lake Chiuta; project; overfishing; Lake Malombe; Denmark

Abstract: This research work has been inspired by the search for a better fisheries management system for the various fisheries of Malawi. The current management system in use has proved to be either inappropriate or ineffective. This conclusion has been reached because, despite the fact that the current management system has been implemented for more than twenty years (management systems have been in force in Malawi since July 1974), indications of localised overfishing have been noticed in various water bodies.

Knowing that fisheries management is more about people than it is about fish, and that to try and manage a fisheries resource without considering the people who harvest this resource is naive. An alternative fisheries management system was identified either to replace or supplement the current one, depending on its success, and this is the co-management approach. This approach allows the fishers to participate along side the government in managing the fish resource.

The purpose of this study therefore, is to assess the potential of fisheries co-management in the various fisheries of Malawi. This is the first in a series of three case studies to be carried out. The second and third case studies will be conducted in Lake Malombe, Mangochi, and around Mbenje Island in Salima district respectively.

Donda, S.J. 1997. Fisheries co-management in Malawi. Case study of Lake Chiuta fisheries.

Keywords : co-management; Malawi; case study; Lake Chiuta; workshop

Doubleday, N.C. 1989. Co-Management Provisions of the Inuvialuit Final Agreement. Evelyn Pinkerton. (ed.) Co-Operative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Management and Community Development. p. 209-27. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; development; 2 FCM; Advisory; North America; regulation; rules; policy; evaluation

Abstract: This paper describes the Inuvialuit Agreement signed in 1985. Negotiated provisions created specific relationships between an aboriginal people and the government. The Fisheries Joint Management committee has substantial powers with respect to formulation of legislation and regulations and makes recommendations on other management and exclusion rules. It is considered an advisory co-management regime where the Committee advises the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans of regulations, research, policies and administration of fisheries in the region. However, the test of co-management and the evaluation of its success or failure await the process of implementation.

Doulman, D.J. 1993. Community-Based Fisheries Management. Towards the restoration of traditional practices in the South Pacific. Marine Policy.Vol. 17, No. 2. pp.108-117.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; Pacific; 2 FCBM

Drolet, C.A. et al. 1986. Sharing Wildlife Management Responsibilities with Native Groups: Case Histories in Northern Quebec. Transactions of the 52nd North American Wildlife and National Resources Conference 52. p. 389-98.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CM (-)

Drucker, D. 1986. Ask a Silly Question, Get a Silly Answer-Community Participation and the Demystification of Health Care. Community Management, Asien Experience and Perspectives. Kumarian Press.

Keywords : co-management; participation; 1 CM; community management

Dubbink, W. and M.v. Vliet. 1995. From ITQ to co-management? Comparing the usefulness of markets and co-management illustrated by the Dutch Flatfish sector.

Keywords : co-management; indsats; effort; itq; market; Holland; Netherlands; oecd

Dubbink, W. and M.v. Vliet. 1996. Market regulation versus co-management? Two perspectives on regulating fisheries compared. Marine Policy.Vol. 20. No. 6. pp.499-516.

Keywords : indsats; market; regulation; co-management; Netherlands

Abstract: The crisis of fisheries management is also a crisis of governability; somehow governments almost everywhere seem to run into trouble while managing fisheries. This article compares two alternative styles of regulation that are put forward as solutions to this crisis: market-based regulation and co-management. In particular the contradiction is analyzed between an apparently strong theoretical basis for market-based regulation and actual practice which often opts for co-management. The theoretical basis of the market-based perspective is challenged and on the bais of an analysis of flatfishery management in the Netherlands, it is concluded that there are often sound arguments for restructuring the management responsibilites between public authories and civil society.

Durrenberger, E.P. and G. Palsson. 1987. The Grass Roots and the State. Resource Management in Icelandic Fishing. The Question of the Commons, The Culture and Ecology of Communal Resources. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Keywords : co-management; state; commons; 2 FCM

Early, A.C. and B.U. Bagadion. 1981. Custom Fit Design of Farm Ditches: A Participatory Approach to Making Irrigation Systems Responsive to the Needs of the Farmers. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CM (-)

El Nido Protected Area Foundation. 1996. Final report on "The development of management plan for el Nido marine reserve". Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; development; El Nido; Palawan; Philippines; project

Eskesen, M. 1995. Danish seine fishing from Thybor?n. Insiders and outsiders in regulation and the local knowledge of fishing technologies.

Keywords : co-management; regulation; technology; commons; Denmark; Thybor?n; common-property

Eythorsson, E. 1995. Who should have a voice in management of local marine resources? Some comments on the common property debate and the design of co-management institution for North-Norwegian fjord fisheries.

Keywords : co-management; commons; Norway; 3 FCM; institution; institutions; participation; common-property

Abstract: The paper discusses the concept of the management of common property resources and some of the problems of reforming or disigning co-management institutions, including the question of participation.

Fallon, L. and C. Thia-Eng. 1990. Towards Stengthening Policy and Strategic Orientation for Fisheries Resource Management : The Role of Coastal Area Management. Tropical Coastal Area Management. ICLARM

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCBM (-); policy; tropical

FAO Fisheries Department. 1997. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture. 1996. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States, Rome

Keywords : co-management; state; aquaculture; globalization; development; trade; economics

Abstract: The increasing globalization of the world economy means that now, more than ever, those working in the fishery sector need to be able to monitor and analyse international developments. Thanks to the continuing information explosion, there is no shortage of data on world fisheries. However, much of this body of information is very local in scope and needs to be monitored, evaluated and consolidated before it can be of use to senior fishery managers. "The state of the world fisheries and aquaculture 1996" aims to do this by collecting and anlysing global information about recent developments in the sector. It is divided into four parts: a World review which reports on trends in world production, utilization and trade of fish and fishery products; an In-depth study of marine fishery landings for the period 1950 to 1994; a Regional review which reviews recent developments in fisheries and aquaculture in eight regions; and summaries of the Fishery activities of 14 economic groups.

FAO Fisheries Department. 1997. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture. 1996. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States, Rome

Keywords : state; aquaculture; co-management; globalization; development; trade; economics

FAO. 1982. Farmers' Participation and Organization for Irrigation Water Management. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.

Keywords : co-management; participation; organizations; development; 1 CM (-)

FAO. 1988. Community Forestry: Leassons from Case Studies in Asia and the Pacific Region. Food and Agriculture Organization, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok.

Keywords : co-management; case study; Asia; Pacific; 1 CBM (-)

FAO. 1989. Local Knowledge and Systems of Natural Resource Management in Arid and Semi-Arid Africa. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.

Keywords : co-management; Africa; 1 CBM (-)

FAO. 1993. FAO/Japan expert consultation on the development of community- based coastal fishery management systems for Asia and the Pacific. Food and Agricultural Organization.

Keywords : co-management; development; Asia; Pacific; 3 FCBM

Feeny, D. 1993. Where Do We Go from Here? Implications for the Research Agenda. Daniel W.Bromley. (ed.) Making The Commons Work. Theory, Practice and Policy. ICS Press, Institute for Contemporary Studies, San Francisco, California.

Keywords : co-management; commons; theory; 1 CM; policy

Feeny, D. 1994. Frameworks for Understanding Resource Management on the Commons. R.S.Pomeroy. (ed.) Community management and common property of coastal fisheries in Asia and the Pacific: concepts, methods and experiences. p. 20-33.

Keywords : co-management; commons; Asia; Pacific; method; 1 CM; community management; common-property

Feeny, D. et al. 1990. The Tragedy of the Commons: Twenty-Two Years Later. Human Ecology.Vol. 18. No. 1.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 3 FCM; tragedy of the commons

Fellizar, F.P. et al. 1997. Analysis of policies and policy instruments relevant to the management of fisheries/aquatic resources with emphasis on local level issues and concerns.SEAMEO Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) & ICLARM Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; local level; Philippines; policy

Ferrer, E. 1989. Prospects for Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries in the Lingayen Gulf Area. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 17, 200 p.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCBM

Ferrer, E. 1992. Learning and Working Together: Towards A Community-Based Coastal Resource Management.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; development; 3 FCBM

Ferrer, E.M. 1989. Session III: Coastal Area Management for Sustainable Development. People's Participation in Coastal Area Management. Coastal area management in Southeast Asia: policies, management strategies and case studies. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 19.

Keywords : co-management; development; participation; Asia; case study; 1 CM; policy; sustainable development; strategy

Ferrer, E.M. 1991. Territorial use rights in fisheries and the management of artificial reefs in the Philippines. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 22, 455 p. National University of Singapore

Keywords : co-management; Philippines; 2 FCBM

Fine, D. 1997. A marine fisheries policy for South Africa. A summary of the White paper by the Chief Directorate of Sea Fisheries of the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Cape Town. pp.1-23.

Keywords : co-management; policy; South Africa; Africa; akn; White Paper; tourism

Firmin-Sellers, K. 1996. Introduction. The transformation of property rights in the Gold Coast. An empirical analysis applying rational choice theory. Introduction, p. 1-18. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Keywords : akn; co-management; property rights; choice; theory; institutions; poverty; Africa; Gold Coast; Ghana; case study; economics; development; rational choice

Abstract: One of Africa's greatest tragedies is its apparent inability to take advantage of the continent's abundant natural resources. While African countries constantly battle famine and poverty, only on fifth of the continent's 2.5 billion acres of arable land is cultivated. Although social scientists cite myriad reasons for this tragedy, the underlying and exacerbating factor is the nature of African land tenure. Throughout Africa, property rights to land are fluid and insecure. The result is that the farmer or entrepreneur who claims land under one property rights system is left uncertain when or if others will challenge his claim.

This book explores the complex political process by which property rights are defined and enforced in two traditional states in colonial Ghana. The case studies ask how colonial institutions transformed indigenous political and economic life; and how colonization and decolonization affected prospects for future economic development and stability in Africa.

The introductory chapter outlines a theory for the transformation of property rights. The remaining chapters apply this formal theory through an empirical analysis of the transformation of property rights within an African context. These chapters draw explicitly on rational choice theories to analyze indigenous actors' attempts to redefine and enforce property rights to land by "reinventing" the traditions of their respective communities. These theories help to explain why property rights systems across Africa remain fluid and insecure.

Firmin-Sellers, K. 1996. The transformation of property rights in the Gold Coast. An empirical analysis applying rational choice theory. Alt JE and North DC. Political economy of institutions and decisions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Keywords : co-management; property rights; choice; theory; institutions; poverty; Africa; Gold Coast; Ghana; case study; economics; development; rational choice; akn

Fisheries Policies Development Committee. 1997. White Paper. A marine fisheries policy for South Africa. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Cape Town. pp.1-46.

Keywords : co-management; policy; South Africa; Africa; akn; White Paper

Fleming, M. and Brian Fleming. 1991. The Role of Traditional Knowledge in Community-Based Management of an Eiderdown Industry Developing in Northern Canada.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; Canada; commons; 1 CBM (-); common-property

Flores, E. 1992. Community-Based Coastal Fishery Management in the Philippines: A Review on Small Islands Coral Reef Fishery Management.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; Philippines; rural; 3 FCBM; coral reef; workshop

Foltz, C. et al. 1995. Proceedings of the Visayas-Wide Conference on Community-Based Coastal Resources Management and Fisheries Co-Management.ICLARM, Manila. Fisheries Co-management Research Report.

Keywords : community-based; co-management; Visayas; research report

Fong, G.M. 1994. Case Study Of A Traditional Marine Management System: Sasa Village, Macuata Province, Fiji. Case studies on traditional marine management systems in the South Pacific. South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency & FAO, Rome. 1. pp.1-85.

Keywords : co-management; case study; 3 FCBM; Pacific; project

Fortman, B.d.G. 1990. Research Seminars. Rural Development Studies. Entitlement and Development: An Institutional Approach to the Acquirement Problem.

Keywords : co-management; rural; development; 1 CM

Fox, J. 1992. The Problem of Scale in Community, Resource Management. Environmental Management.Vol. 16, No. 3. pp.289-297.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCM

Freeman, M.M.R. 1989. The Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission: Successful Co-Management under Extreme Conditions. Evelyn Pinkerton. (ed.) Co-Operative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Management and Community Development. p. 137-53. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; development; 1 CM; Alaska

Gamble, D.J. 1987. The Vital Role of Citizen's Groups in Water Resource Management.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CM (-)

Gardner, J.E. 1991. Environmental Non-governmental Organizations and Management of Water Resources in the Fraser River Basin.

Keywords : co-management; organizations; commons; Canada; 1 CM (-); common-property

Gardner, R. and E. Ostrom. 1991. Rules and games. Public Choice.70. pp.121-169.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CM; rules

Gardner, R. et al. 1990. The Nature of Common-Pool Resource Problems. Rationality and Society.Vol. 2, No. 3. pp.335-358.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CM

Gellar, S. 1981. Planning, Management, and Participatory Development Issues in Irrigation Projects: A Select Annotated Bibliography. Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (CILSS), Ougadougou, Upper Volta.

Keywords : co-management; development; project; organizations; economics; 1 CM (-); planning; bibliography

Geoghegan, T. 1984. An Experiment in Participatory Resource Management: A Case from St. Lucia. St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands: Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management Program.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM (-)

Geoghegan, T. and V. Barzetti. 1994. Protected areas and community management. Community & the Environment. Lessons from the Caribbean. pp.1-9.

Keywords : co-management; environment; Caribbean; community-based; community management

Gorham, A. et al. 1986. Fishery access control programs worldwide: Proceedings of the workshop on management options for the North Pacific Longline fisheries. Mollett, N. (ed.) Alaska Sea Grant, Report No. 86-4. Alaska Sea Grant College Program, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska.

Keywords : workshop; Pacific; longline; co-management; indsats; effort; Alaska

Groenewold, W.G.F. 1994. An updated review on population and development dynamics in rural fishing communities. p.1Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Keywords : co-management; development; rural

Groenfeldt, D. 1990. A Comparative Look at Farmer Participation in Agency-Managed Irrigation Systems.

Keywords : co-management; participation; commons; 1 CM (-); common-property

Gurung, C.P. 1981. People's Participation in Local Level Planning: A Case Study from Nepal.Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok.

Keywords : co-management; participation; local level; case study; 1 CM (-); planning

Gurung, S.B.(.). 1988. Planning with People: Decentralization in Nepal. Gurung, S.B. and Prodipto Roy. (eds.) Orient Longman, New Delhi.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CM (-); planning

Hachongela, P. et al. 1996. An analysis of emerging co-management arrangements. The Zambian and Zimbabwean inshore fisheries of Lake Kariba. Sen, S. (ed.)IFM & ICLARM, Hirtshals & Manila. Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; Kariba; case study; Zambia; Zimbabwe; Africa; Southern Africa; project

Haines, A.K. 1982. Traditional Concepts and Practices and Inland Fisheries Management. Morauta, L. et al, (eds.) Traditional Conservation in Papua New Guinea: Implications for Today. 30, p. 279-91. Institute of Applied Social and Economic Research, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.

Keywords : co-management; conservation; 2 FCBM (-); inland fisheries; Papua New Guinea

Hale, L.Z. 1994. Coral Reef Protection in Phuket, Thailand: A Step Toward Integrated Coastal Management. Collaborative and Community-Based Management of Coral Reefs: Lessons from Experience. Kumarian Press, Inc.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; 3 FCBM (-); coral reef

Hall, C.J. 1994. Co-Management: A Strategy for Natural Resource Management. Center for Development Studies.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CM (-); strategy

Halldsrsson, V.J. 1996. Trading fish at Lake Malombe and Lake Malawi in Africa. pp.1-52.

Keywords : co-management; Malawi; Africa; Lake Malombe; Lake Malawi

Hallenstvedt, A. 1995. Regulations, control and enforcement: The West-Nordic countries.

Keywords : co-management; enforcement; commons; 2 FCM; Bod? '95; regulation; Norway; common-property

Halliday, R.G. et al. 1992. Development of management measures for the groundfish fishery in Atlantic Canada. A Case study of the Nova Scotia inshore fleet. Marine Policy. November.

Keywords : co-management; development; Canada; case study; 2 FCM; Atlantic; Nova Scotia

Hancock, J. 1993. Fishery Sector Program-Coastal Resource Management (FSP-CRM) Phase I in Carigara Bay -The Organizing and Collaboration Experience of LABRADOR, Inc. Our Seas, our Life (Proc. of the Seminar-Workshop on CB-CRM). p. 28-38. Voluntary Services Overseas.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCBM

Hanna, S. 1990. The Eighteenth Century English Commons: A Model for Ocean Management. Ocean & Shoreline Management.14.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 1 CBM; model

Hanna, S.S. 1990. Sustainable Fisheries Management: Guidance from the 18th Century Agricultural Commons.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 1 FCM (-); common-property

Hanna, S.S. 1991. Participation of Fishermen and Social Scientists in Fishery Management Decisions: A Case Study of the Pacific Fisheries Management Council.

Keywords : co-management; participation; case study; Pacific; commons; 3 FCM; Cooperative; North America; Canada; model; development; common-property

Abstract: This paper examines the conditions under which the participation in fishery management can create a vested interest among fishermen in the success of management outcomes. Examples of user- participation in different fishery management settings are reviewed. Concepts of exit, voice and loyalty are used to model fisherman participation in management and the creation of vested interest. A case study of a management process established by the Pacific Fishery Management Council is used as an example. Several steps in the development of a license limitation program for Pacific groundfish are analysed within the context of the exdt, voice and loyalty model. Finally, conditions necessary for effective participation of fishermen are discussed.

Hanna, S.S. 1992. Interaction between shellfish and groundfish fisheries on the west coast: Implications for system management. Journal of Shellfish Research.Vol. 11.

Keywords : co-management; shellfish; case study; economics; strategy; fishing industry; conservation; Oregon; USA

Abstract: This case study of Oregon shellfish and finfish fisheries illustrate two principles which have application to other fisheries with multifishery activity. The first principle is that economic factors, although often not explicitly incorporated into management plans, are often instrumental in creating linkages between fisheries and so affect the efficacy of management plans. The second principle is that when linkages exist, management of fisheries must proceed on a level which recognizes these linkages and accounts for multifishery fishing strategies.

The definition of the legitimate players' comes from the context of the fishery itself. Coordinated planning, to be successful, will have to involve representation of all the commercial fishery constituents; i.e. fishery managers, fishing industry, and consumers. Also necessary is a clear definition of objectives for the fishery system beyond the basic conservation goals. Co-management by managers and industry has taken various forms in the Oregon crab, shrimp and groundfish fisheries.

Hanna, S.S. and C.L. Smith. 1993. Resolving allocation conflicts in fishery management. Natural Resources.Vol. 6.

Keywords : co-management; conflict; North America; development; rules; conservation; regulation; Pacific; salmon; halibut; case study; General

Abstract: According to the authors' view o the U.S. fisheries, the relative importance of fisheries management decisions change as fisheries develop through different stages, creating different degrees of conflict as they mature. In the first phase of fishery development, the management decisions are aimed at sustainable yields. The next phase of management are when the rules for fishery operation are set in place. In these two phases, management decisions tend to generate little conflict. But in the allocation phase, decisions concerned with dividing a limited fish stock among competing user-groups create much conflict. As conservation needs become more important, tighter regulations are required, and a smaller allowable catch (TAC) is divided among the users, increasing allocation conflicts further.

The authors present four cases of Pacific U.S. fishery allocation conflicts among (1) commercial- recreational users (salmon fishery of Cape Falcon, Oregon), (2) treaty-nontreaty fishermen (Puget Sound salmon fishery), (3) fixed gear-trawl gear groups (West coast sable fish fishery, Oregon), and (4) multi- users of Pacific halibut fishery.

The paper examines mechanisms employed for the resolution of these conflicts. The authors identify the main causes of conflicts in these case studies as (a) increases in the size and effectiveness of the fishers, (b) stabilization or decline in the resource base, (c) misunderstandings and cultural differences among user-groups, and (a) lack of clearly defined goals.

The authors deduce that, in general, there are two approaches to the resolution of conflict. the authoritative approach that imposes a solution on user-groups - which historically has been the approach employed in U.S. fisheries, and the partcipatory approach which involves the sharing of decision-making by the user- groups. A successful example of the latter approach is illustrated by the first case study.

The future direction of fishery conflicts is projected to be expansion of fishery-specific conflicts into more general resource system conflicts. Such multifaceted conflicts, the authors argue, cannot be worked out authoritatively but require a participatory process. Fisheries management will have to be viewed in the broader context of relationships of diverse uses of aquatic resources.

Hanna, S.S. 1991. Creating user group vested interest in fishery management outcomes. A case study of the Pacific Fishery Management council.

Keywords : co-management; case study; Pacific; commons; participation; model; development; Canada; common-property

Abstract: This paper examines the conditions under which the participation in fishery management can create a vested interest among fishermen in the success of management outcomes. Examples of user participation in different fishery management settings are reviewed. Concepts of exit, voice and loyalty are used to model fisherman participation in management and the creation of vested interest. A case study of a management process established by the Pacific Fishery Management Council is used as an example. Several steps in the development of a license limitation program for Pacific groundfish are analyzed within the context of the exit, voice, and loyalty model. Finally, conditions necessary for effective participation of fishermen are discussed.

Hanna, S.S. 1995. User participation and fishery management performance within the Pacific Fishery Management Council. Ocean and Coastal Management.Vol.28. pp.23-44.

Keywords : co-management; participation; Pacific; 3 FCM; North America; economics; resilience; development; individual quota; quota; case study

Abstract: Fish populations have the potential to contribute to the longterm economic and social benefit of humans, but to do so they must be managed in ways which maintain ecological health. There are many ways that management performance can be assessed, but four measures are particularly pertinent to to sustainability: equity, stewardship, regulatory resilience, and efficiency. A key factor in management performance is the process by which management tools are developed and implemented. One approach that has been recommended to improve performance is to structure the management process around industry participation. The paper analyses three case studies of user participation in ad hoc processes of Pacific groundfish management: the development of a license limitation program, an inter-gear sablefish allocation, and the development of a sablefish individual quota programme. The case studies illustrate the role played by participation in contributing to equity, stewardship, resilience, and efficiency of the management process. The effect of user participation was mixed in the three cases, depending on the history of participation, the structure and process of participation, on resource conditions and on the characteristics of the programme under consideration. Participation can contribute positively to fishery management performance when there is a history of collecive decision-making, the time line is slow enough to allow full consideration of the issues, educational possibilities are pursued and the condition of the resource allows equitable compromises.

Hanna, S. 1995. Industry Participation and Fishery Management Performance.

Keywords : co-management; participation; commons; 3 FCM; common-property

Hanna, S. et al. 1995. Property rights and environmental resources. Hanna, S. and M. Munasinghe (eds.) Property rights and the environment. Social and ecological issues. p. 15-29. The Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics and The World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Keywords : co-management; property rights; environment; ecology; socio-economic; rules; tragedy of the commons; commons; poverty; policy

Abstract: Here it is argues that property rights are fundamental to the use of environmental resources. Most environmental problems can be seen as problems of incomplete, inconsistent, or unenforced property rights regimes. Property rights regimes comprise property rights, the bundles of entitlements regarding rsource use, and property rules, the rules under which those entitlements are exercised. They exist in a variety of combinations of ownership, locus of control, and the rights and duties of owners. Property rights regimes are necessary but not sufficient conditions for resource sustainability. The "tragedy of the commons" is an environmental outcome that results from an inadequate specification of property rights to environmental services. Also important is the consistency of property rights with social goals for equity, efficiency and sustainability, and the enforceability of resource use rules. No single type of regime can be prescribed as a remedy for problems of resource degradation and overuse. Certain components of property rights regimes are critical to their function, including design principles, the mechanisms by which they link the human and ecological systems, the mechanisms by which resources in different political regimes are coordinated, and the role of poverty. Policy addressing environmental problems must focus on general principles of property rights regimes and on the context in which they are placed. It is concluded that interdisciplinary work of social scientists and natural scientists offers the greatest hope for the understanding of the interaction of humans with environmental resources through property rights regimes.

Hanna, S. et al. 1995. Property rights and the environment. Social and ecological issues. Hanna, S. and M. Munasinghe (eds.) The Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics and The World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Keywords : co-management; property rights; environment; ecology; socio-economic

Hanna, S. et al. 1995. Property rights in a social and ecological context. Case studies and design applications. Hanna, S. and M. Munasinghe (eds.) The Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics and The World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Keywords : co-management; property rights; environment; ecology; socio-economic; case study

Hannesson, R. and J. Kurien. 1988. Studies on the Role of Fishermen's Organizations in Fisheries Management. FAO

Keywords : organizations; 2 FCM; co-management; 2 FCM (-); agriculture; organisation; Japan; New Zealand; Norway; Canada; United Kingdom; economics; conservation; technology; development; artisanal; India; Indonesia; Philippines

Abstract: This document contains two papers on the role of fishermen's organisations in fisheries management. The paper by Hannesson discusses the pros and cons of giving fishermens organisations specific roles in fisheries management. It reviews the practical experiences of groups and organisations of fishermen in fisheries management in a number of industrialised countries including Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Canada and the United Kingdom, as documented in the literature. Hannesson stresses that the outcome of giving fishermens organisations a say in fishehes management depends crucially on the economic framework and philosophy prevailing in each country. On theoretical grounds, he contends that a pseudo-market solution i.e. the allocation of private property rights accompanied by (i) an approphate tax system to prevent a concentration of profits and incomes and (ii) conditionality of transferability to avoid concentration ownership, may best achieve the twin objectives of efficiency and equity. The paper by Kurien sets out with a historic-cultural review of small-scale fisheries in the Indo-Pacific region. Traditionally, many communities had adopted well integrated systems of governing fishing practices and rights of access to the sea. Resources conservation was not a deliberate act but was built into the production system through appropriate technology and modes of production. With the onset of 'planned development", traditional conservationist values and communal control of fishery resources were construed as barriers to development. Capital-intensive erowth, spurred by profitable export demand, created a wide disparity in the access capability and appropriation of fishery resources to the disadvantage of artisanal fishing communtities. Concomitantly, excessive levels of fishing effort led to overexploitation of fishery resources. The increasing number of the new genre of vocal fishworkers' organisations in the region is the direct consequence of this process. On the basis of three case studies from India, Indonesia and the Philippines, Kurien illustrates how fishermens organisations have strongly influenced governments decisions to intiate steps for fisheries management, though their concrete involvement in the actual process of fisheries management is still small. Kurien concludes that for these organisations to fulfill more formalised roles in fisheries management they would require more recognition and support from governments and national and international organisations.

Hara, M. 1997. Problems of introducing community participation in fisheries management: Lessons from the Lake Malombe and Upper Shire River (Malawi) participatory fisheries management programme.

Keywords : co-management; participation; Lake Malombe; Malawi; Africa; Southern Africa; Upper Shire

Abstract: The problems encountered in the introduction of co-management in the fisheries of Lake Malmbe and the Upper Shire river in Malawi have been in the areas of institutional design and arrangements, delivery and timing of programme components being implemented by other organisations, division of responsibilities, sustainability issues and financial commitment of the government and communities to the programme. Possible reasons for these problems and how they are affecting or might affect the successful introduction of the new programme are discussed, and recommendations for improving the weak areas of the programme are made.

Harkes, I. 1997. Measuring success of co-management and CBRM.

Keywords : co-management; Philippines; project; evaluation; organisation

Abstract: This paper aims to facilitate a discussion on how to measure success of co-management (or CBRM). In the Philippines during the 1980s and 1990s over a hundred projects were initialised. An ICLARM evaluation by Pomeroy and Carlos (1997) showed that less than 20% of these projects was successful in the sense that the organisation still existed and project implementations were maintained after the project terminated. Another study by Pomeroy and Pollnac et al. (1996) revealed that project success as defined by the project staff is different than the perception of success by the local community. There is a discrepacy in measurement, and also in perception of success that needs to be resolved. This presentation aims to provide the basis for a discussion of these issues.

Harkes, I. 1997. Institutional resilience discussed in the Moluccan context.

Keywords : resilience; co-management; Philippines; rules; institution; regulation; sasi; Indonesia; Molucca

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to discuss the concept of institutional resiliency and how to measure it. Institutional resiliency can be defined as the ability of institutional rights and rules, and organisational arrangements to absorb and deal with changes and shocks before they change their structure. The three main components of an institution are the rules, the regulations and the objective. Central in the analysis is the ability of an institution to adapt itself to change without losing its original function. Institutional resilience will be explained in the context of sasi laut, a local management institution in the Moluccas (Indonesia).

Hasegawa, A. et al. 1995. Self management and co-management of coastal fisheries in Japan.

Keywords : indsats; effort; co-management; Japan; law; economics; community-based; growth; method; theory; General

Abstract: In Japan various forms of community based fisheries management have been implemented based on regional fishery cooperatives which depend on the fishery system including fishery laws. This paper is intended to present a comprehensive picture of community based fisheries management as they stand now and to describe its various forms, contents and related economic structure.

Community based fisheries management in Japan are organized and implemented by fishermen's groups on a voluntary basis in a way to suit their situation. Therefore, the contents vary distinctly according to types of target stocks, growth stages, types of fishing gear and fishing methods, characteristics of fishing communities involved and business performance. Consequently, it is rather necessary to formulate new forms of procedures so as to meet the types of target species, growth stages, types and scale of fishing gear and fishing methods as well as the characteristics of fishing community and business milieu.

This paper first describes in Section 2 about the present situation and characteristics of fishery management enforced in Japan by fishermen's self-determination on the basis of the results of the 8th fishery census and other data. It also discusses the background of economic theory of fishery management based on sustainable production in fisheries. In Section 3, it deals with the management of recruited stocks, management for maintaining fish prices and management method for fishing ground utilization In Section 4, it purports to take up the issue of stock management programs (which are termed as co-management) to show the roles played by the nation's fishery systems and the Administration, with a view to elucidate the general picture of self-management and co-management now being implemented in Japan.

Hasler, R. 1993. Political Ecologies of Scale and the Multi-Tiered co-management of Zimbabwean Wildlife Resources under Campfire. CASS Occasional Paper - NRM.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CM

Hersoug, B. 1996. Fishing in a sea of sharks - reconstruction and development in the South African fishing industry.

Keywords : co-management; akn; state; policy; economics; South Africa; Africa; fishing industry; development

Abstract: Through the Reconstruction and Development Program (RDP), programs for nearly all sectors of the South African economy have been drawn up, trying to link reconstruction and development with the gradual transformation of the whole state administration. In the particular field of fisheries the original RDP-document states that "the primary objective of fisheries policy is the upliftment of impoverished coastal communities through improved access to marine resources and the sustainable managent of those resources through appropriate strategies.

Is it possible to reconcile justice and more equal distribution with the goal of economic efficiency?

Hersoug, B. 1996. Same procedure as last year? Same procedure as every year! Some reflections on South Africa's new fisheries policy.

Keywords : co-management; policy; South Africa; Africa

Hersoug, B. and S.A. Renes. 1993. "What is good for the fishermen, is good for the nation?": Co-management in the Norwegian fishing industry in the 1990s.

Keywords : effort; indsats; co-management; fishing industry; Norway; institutional theory; model

Abstract: This paper analyses the concept of "co-management" and tries to explain why co-management has recently become of importance to different types of fisheries administrations. A preliminary analytical framework based on institutional theory is sketched initially. The Norwegian fishing industry is then briefly described, before turning to the existing co-management system, which is called, in the Norwegian context, "centrally directed consultation". Subsequently, the challenges to the present system are presented, and possible alternative models are discussed. The final section is devoted to the lessons that may be acquired from the Norwegian experience, but with special emphasis on the particular background of Norway and its historical setting.

Hess, C. 1995. The virtual CPR: The Internet as a local and global common pool resource.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 1 CM; Bod? '95; common-property

Hinton, P. 1990. An Approach to the Study of Traditional Systems of Coastal Resources Management in Thailand.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCBM (-)

Hirasawa, Y. 1990. Coastal Fishery and Fishery Rights.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCBM

Hirsch, P. 1992. Community Resource Management and Political-Economic Restructuring in Mainland Southeast Asia.

Keywords : co-management; Asia; 1 CBM (-); Northwest; British Columbia

Hoefnagel, E. and W. Smit. 1995. Experiences in Dutch co-management of marine fish resources.

Keywords : indsats; effort; co-management; quota; economics; Netherlands

Abstract: In this issue-paper different aspects of two and a half years of co-management experiences in Dutch fisheries are described. Management's design as well as government's and fishermen's perspective on the new management scheme are elucidated. It is examined whether the new management scheme leads to an efficient quota management and whether co-management improves the distribution of net benefits. Main results are: Government as well as fishermen are rather positive on the functioning of the co-management system. Since the implementation of the co-management system, the sector still adhered to the quota as a whole and fleet capacity did not increase. The fleet succeeded in a more economic usage of the quota. Income differences are not diminished in a substantial way since the establishment of the groups.

Hoel, A.H. 1990. Institusjonaliseringen av ressursforvaltningen og implementering av flerbestandsforvaltning.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM

Hoel, A.H. et al. 1995. Problems of user-group participation in Norwegian fisheries management.

Keywords : co-management; participation; 3 FCM; Consultative; Norway; Europe; fishing industry; organizations; conflict

Abstract: The current crisis in the Norwegian fishing industry has triggered a public debate on the efficacy of fisheries management, with special attention being paid to the role of user-groups in regulatory decision-making. Demands are being made for drastic changes in management structures, and the national Regulatory Council has come under heavy fire. The paper describes the organization of the Norwegian system of fisheries management, with special emphasis on the problems of user-group representation. The inherent conflicts of interest within the Regulatory Council will be addressed, as well as the role of the Norwegian Fishermen's Association.

Hoeven, G.v. et al. 1994. Socio-economic surveys in fisheries in Africa. An annotated bibliography. p.1Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Keywords : co-management; socio-economic; Africa; bibliography

Holm, P. 1995. Fisheries management and the domestication of nature.

Keywords : co-management; commons; common-property; Norway

Horemans, B. and A. Jallow. 1997. Present state and perspectives of marine fisheries resources co-management in West Africa. Fisheries Co-management Research Report.

Keywords : co-management; status; West Africa; Africa; case study; state; research report

Hoskins, M.W. 1979. Community Participation in African Fuelwood Production, Transformation and Utilization.

Keywords : co-management; participation; Africa; 1 CM (-); workshop

Hubert, B.A. et al. 1991. Cooperative Management of the Fisheries on Great Bear Lake and Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories, Canada.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; Canada; commons; 3 FCM (-); Northwest; common-property

Hutton, T. and S.J. Lamberth. 1997. Opportunities for co-management: The application of a research framework to a case study from South Africa. Fisheries Co-management Research Framework.

Keywords : co-management; case study; Arniston; South Africa; Africa; development

Hviding, E. 1990. Keeping the Sea: Aspects of Marine Tenure in Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands. Traditional Marine Resource Management in the Pacific Basin: An Anthology. UNESCO/ROSTSEA.

Keywords : co-management; Pacific; 2 FCBM; Solomon; Solomon Islands

Hviding, E. 1992. Community-Based Management of Coral Reef Resource Systems: South Pacific Experiences.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; Pacific; 2 FCBM; coral reef; workshop

Hviding, E. and Kenneth Ruddle. 1991. A Regional Assessment of the Potential Role of Customary Marine Tenure (CMT) Systems in Contemporary Fisheries Management in the South Pacific.

Keywords : co-management; Pacific; 3 FCBM

Hviding, E. and G.B.K. Baines. 1992. Fisheries Management in the Pacific: Tradition and the Challenges of Development in Marovo, Solomon Islands. UNRISD. pp.1-23.

Keywords : co-management; Pacific; development; 3 FCBM; Solomon Islands; Solomon

Hviding, E. and E. Jul-Larsen. 1995. Community-Based Resource Management in Tropical Fisheries. University of Namibia, Windhoek.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; 3 FCBM; overfishing; tragedy of the commons; commons; rules; regulation; local level; institutions; Cooperative; riverine; strategy; law; economics; state; General; policy; development; sustainable development; Pacific; politics; participation; tropical

Abstract: Western approaches to fisheries management have been dominated by the assumption that the access to the resource, i.e. fish, is free and that no single participant in the fishery can prevent others from exploiting the same fishing grounds. A further dominant assumption is that any fishery must be characterized by intense competition which will inevitably lead to overfishing and the eventual depletion of the resources, the so-called "tragedy of the commons". However, recent debates on the management of so-called "common property" resources, not least with reference to fisheries, have revealed the historical and geographical specificity of "open access" to resources. For small-scale near shore marine fisheries, which on a global scale have a productive output for hui-nan consumption roughly equal to that of industrial marine fisheries, some degree of regulated access appears to be the rule rather than the exception. These regulations are invariably enforced on the local level, from a basis of coi-nmunity institutions and social practices.

From locations throughout the coastal tropics, there is an increasing of documentation of a range of institutions and practices that have a more or less direct bearing on the short and long-ten-n management of aquatic resources. A notable aspect of such arrangements, be they systems of "customary marine tenure" or other social forms, is that they are multi-purpose in nature and not usually tied solely to fisheries. In fact local-level institutions and practices may have implications for the management of fishery resources even if their explicit purpose is a different one. However, many of the relevant community-level institutions also contain practices that from an outside perspective similar to main principles of Western, "scientific" management. Examples of such practices are the delineation of exclusive fishery zones with limited entry, specific gear, species and size restrictions of seasonal and/or spatial extent, prior appropriation rights, and concepts of sole ownership based on communal or cooperative institutions. In the coastal tropics, as well as inland riverine areas, many such strategies existed even long before their adoption in Western fisheries management. Invariably, these intentional and unintentional management mechanisims tend to be firmly based in customary law. The study discusses these issues with reference to documented examples from throughout the tropical world and from a range of ecological and economic contexts.

The particular forms taken by many customary marine tenure systems, whereby the regulation of resources may be intimately integrated with religious conceptions and beliefs, have caused many observers to see such systems as archaic institutions that reflect "superstition and irrationality" in opposition to modem management systems based on free access but regulated by the state. Closer analysis shows, however, that customary tenure systems may in fact be considered as quite elaborate frameworks for resources management in their own right. Further, such systems are often underpinned by highly complex and accurate, observation-based local knowledge about natural processes. At the same time, however, customary tenure systems also reflect the more general struggle within societies for political power and control over valuable resources among individuals and groups - and even among societies. These struggles may well take place without necessarily reflecting specific management concerns. These twin aspects of customary tenure systems are not incompatible with each other, but they may have rather different effects upon the efficiency of any given tenure system in terms of the short-and long-term preservation of resources. Many fisheries management specialists have been reluctant to include customary tenure systems in their policies, since they assume that the power-and-control aspect often makes these systems uncontrollable for management purposes, and that the wide gap between customary tenure and modem management makes the two types of systems basically incompatible. However, modem systems based on free access and state control are in fact as uncontrollable as any other system. Further, the study argues that there may in fact be more similarities than dissimilarities between many types of "customary" and "modern" esource management, thus allowing for considerable compatibility.

Recent discussions of natural resources development and sustainable development may give the impression that the utilization of customary tenure systems in national policy and legislation and policy is a novel, unexplored approach to fisheries management. However, closer examination shows many examples of an integration to customary marine tenure principles into national fisheries management, particularly in the Pacific Islands region. Integration of customary law into government policies is also frequent, and historical sources prove that sometimes this was the case even under colonial administration. Further, also in countries which do not explicitly recognize customary resource rights, government agents are often forced to take CMT into account in practical politics. Therefore, the main question is not whether integration of CMT with nationallevel policies should take place, but rather to find efficient ways of achieving such integration. This goal can only be reached if one has detailed empirical knowledge of local-level fisheries and the CMT systems concerned; but certain means of government support and control can already be outlined on a general level. Often, the integration of CMT into national management policy and law is considered to be an example of what in development ten-ninology has been called "community participation". However, these definitions are very much in need of clarification, and certainly, the interfaces between CMT and national fisheries management are far more complicated than what is implied by a simple notion of local participation.

Hyndman, D. 1993. Sea Tenure and the Management of Living Marine Reources in Papua New Guinea. Pacific Studies.Vol. 16, No.4. pp.99-114.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCBM (-); Papua New Guinea

H?nneland, G.B. 1995. The Role of the Norwegian Coast Guard in Control Management: Duscurse or Guns?

Keywords : co-management; commons; Norway; 2 FCM; Bod? '95; common-property

H?nneland, G.B. 1995. Enforcement and control in the Russian Zone of the Barents Sea.

Keywords : co-management; enforcement; Barents Sea; commons; 2 FCM; Bod? '95; Russia; Norway; common-property

ICLARM. 1996. Proceedings of the national conference on the role of communities in coastal resource management in Indonesia. Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; Indonesia; project

ICLARM and IFM. 1995. Project Progress Report 01 May - 30 September 1994 and Project Workplan 1995. Fisheries Co-management Research Project. Grey Series. IFM & ICLARM. PPR No. 4.

Keywords : co-management; property rights; workplan; project

ICLARM and IFM. 1996. Midterm Internal Project Evaluation. Fisheries Co-management Research Project. Grey Series. IFM & ICLARM. PPR No. 6.

Keywords : co-management; evaluation; project

ICLARM and IFM. 1997. Project Progress Report 1 October - 30 September 1997 and Project Workplan and Budget 1998. Fisheries Co-management Research Project. Grey Series. IFM & ICLARM. Hirtshals & Manila. PPR No. ?

Keywords : co-management; workplan; project

ICLARM et al. 1997. Honda Bay coastal resource co-management pilot project. Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; project; agriculture; development; organizations; Honda Bay; Palawan; Philippines; Tambuyog

ICLARM. 1996. Proceedings of the Visayas-Wide conference on community-based coastal resource management and fisheries management. ICLARM et al, (eds.) ICLARM, Tambuyog Development Center, World Resources Institute. Fisheries co-management research project.

Keywords : co-management; Visayas; community-based

Ilcan, S. 1985. The Social Organization of the Nova Scotia Secondary Fishing Industry: A Community-Based Study.Dalhousie University,

Keywords : co-management; organizations; community-based; 3 FCBM (-); Nova Scotia; fishing industry

ILO. 1983. Report of the Director-General. Social aspects of development in Africa. The role of social institutions. Report 1 (Part 1). International Labour Office. Geneva.

Keywords : co-management; development; Africa; institutions; social institutions; popular; participation; organisation; environment; market; welfare; akn

Abstract: Africa needs institutions that can promote popular participation in the decision-making process at all levels. It needs strong and responsible employers' and workers' organisations which can embark on a democratic and rational dialogue and thus exert a far-reaching influence on the social evolution of Africa. It needs an efficient labour administration capable of promoting improved working conditions and environment and enforcing labour legislation. It needs viable mechanisms for collective bargaining and negotiation and for solving problems and disputes. It needs cooperatives that protect the consumer, help farmes to produce, process and market their agricultural products, create employment through promoting and supporting small and medium-sized enterprises, and provide services such as housing and other social welfare facilities. It needs social security schemes to ensure a reasonable degree of income security and to provide protection against occupational hazards and other social misfortunes.

Indian Institute of Management. 1983. Farmers' Participation in Tank Irrigation Management. Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India.

Keywords : co-management; participation; 1 CM (-)

International Association for the Study of Common Property. 1995. Book of abstracts. Fifth Common Property Conference: Reinventing the Commons. 4-28 May 1995, Bod?, Norway.

Keywords : co-management; commons; common-property

International Institute for Environment and Development. 1994. Whose Eden ? An Overview of Community Approaches to Wildlife Management. Overseas Development Administration, London.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CM

Jackson, J.C. 1990. Creating Common Pools in a Lake: Planning for the Community- Based Management of the In-shore Fishery - Lake Kariba Recreational Park, Zimbabwe. Centre for Applied Social Sciences - University of Zimbabwe.

Keywords : co-management; commons; Kariba; 3 FCBM; Zimbabwe; planning

Jackson, J.C. 1995. Creating Common Pools in a Lake: Planning for the Community- Based Management of the Inshore Fishery - Lake Kariba Recreational Park Zimbabwe. Centre for Applied Social Sciences - Occasional Paper NRM Series.

Keywords : co-management; commons; community-based; 3 FCBM; Africa; Kariba; Zimbabwe; development; local level; planning

Abstract: The paper examines the prospects for extending CAMPFIRE principles to the inshore fishery at Lake Kariba. The situation of Lake Kariba is described. Community-based participatory planning in the Zambezi valley is still in its infancy and is very vulnerable. Vested interests can manipulate events and make them irrelevant whilst bureaucracy finds it easier to deal with the existing situation. An immediate issue is institutional development and the strengthening of the fishing camp communities. This can best be achieved by a devolution of proprietorial rights. As the local level takes on resource management and access decisions, management at different levels and at different stages in the process must adapt.

Jackson, T. 1984. Community, Economic Self-Help, and Small-Scale Fisheries. Ottawa: Communications Directorate, Canada, Department of Fisheries and Oceans.

Keywords : co-management; economics; 2 FCBM (-)

Jaiswal, N.K., et al. 1985. People's Participation in Watershed Management: A Case Study of DVC. Journal of Rural Development.4. 4. pp.409-440.

Keywords : co-management; participation; case study; 1 CM (-)

Jayaraman, T.K. 1984. Socio-economic Determinations of Farmer Participation.

Keywords : co-management; socio-economic; participation; India; 1 CM (-)

Jentoft, S. 1988. Fisheries Co-Management: Delegating government responsibility to fishermen's organizations.

Keywords : co-management; organizations; 3 CM; government

Jentoft, S. 1989. Fisheries Co-management: Delegating government responsibility to fishermen's organizations. Marine Policy.

Keywords : co-management; organizations; 2 FCM; Cooperative; government

Abstract: This paper addresses the role of co-operative organizations in fisheries management and the extent to which fishermen's organizations are capable of handling regulatory functions. What are the problems inherent in the cooperative management approach, and what may be the benefits compared to other regulatory systems? Which circumstances may be beneficial for the success of co-management? The paper draws on comparative international experiences to form conclusions regarding the efficacy of a co-operative management regime.

Jentoft, S. 1990. Fiskeripolitikk som nullsumspill. Hersoug, B. (ed.) Kan fiskerin?ringa styres? p. 189-216.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM

Jentoft, S. 1990. Fiskerireguleringens Legitimitet.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM

Jentoft, S. 1994. Decentralization of Fisheries Management: A Quest for Subsidiarity?

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM; General; North America; economics; decentralisation; participation; organisation; institutional change; cooperative organizations; fisheries economics

Abstract: Decentralisation of fisheries is not a novel idea of recent practice. In many countries, user groups are heavily represented in the decision-making process. What is new is that more people think that user groups should be even more involved. Institutional design options are discussed including co-management. The effectiveness of user participation is determined by their ability to speak with one voice and the need for less fragmented fishermen organisations. It is noted that institutional change occurs as marginal adjustments of old structures rather than radical innovations.The questions of representation and scale are discussed. The paper concludes by calling for the need for more comparative research on fisheries co-management arrangements.

Jentoft, S. 1985. Fisheries Co-operatives: Lessons Drawn from International Experiences. Canadian Journal of Development Studies. pp.197-209.

Keywords : 3 FCM; co-management; Cooperative; organizations; processing; commons; economics; development; state; conflict; model

Abstract: The co-operative mode of organization has been regarded as the ideal way to solve problems of coordination and management within the fisheries, at least from the fishermen's point of view. By taking control over processing, marketing and sometimes financing, fishermen hoped to break the relation with private fish-buyers and merchants, thereby freeing themselves from exploitation and external control. Fishery co-operatives have been established in western industrialized countries, often in competition with private, capitalist sector. They have also been a common device to organize fishermen for economic and social development in Third World Countries.

This paper addresses the lessons which can he drawnfrom the experiences of cooperatives in various fisheries. The results are not particularly encouraging. We discuss some of the problems and obstacles confronting cooperatives, and what can be learned from the failures as well as the successes. In particular we focus upon problems concerning the formation of fisheries co-ops, the relation between a fisheries co-op sector and state government, the capital accumulation process within cooperatives, conflicts of interest between participant members, consequences of being multi-purpose organizations, and, finally thefunction of management in a fisheries cooperative. The main conclusion is that one should have a flexible attitude to cooperative principles instead of implementing a fixed, pre-defined organizational model. Fruitful co-operation among fisheries people can be organized in many ways and not necessarily within the framework of cooperative.

Jentoft, S. 1985. Models of Fishery Development: The Cooperative Approach. Marine Policy.Vol. 9, No. 4. pp.322-331.

Keywords : development; Cooperative; 2 FCM; co-management; model; cooperative organizations; organizations; General; market; fishing industry; regulation; commons; innovation

Abstract: Cooperative organization has rarely been regarded as a general remedy to management problems and market failures of the fishing industry. Instead, the cooperative alternative has most often been introduced, ad hoc, in times of crises, and as a solution of last resort. Drawing on Norwegian and Canadian experiences for illustrative purposes, this paper discusses the specific fisheries problems to which the cooperative approach has been applied. In four sections, the cooperative is discussed, as a vehicle for controlling distributional processes within the fishing industry, as a tool for handling problems of coordination among production and marketing units; as a way to fulfill the needfor regulation of competitive actions stemming from the common property resource base; as an instrument for innovation and regional development within fishing communities. It is argued that the cooperative approach has much broader potential than has been recognized in the past and that it deserves more serious consideration when appropriate means for solving management problems in the fisheries are sought.

Jentoft, S. and T. Kristoffersen. 1989. Fishermen's co-management: The case of the Lofoten fishery. Human Organization.Vol. 48. No. 4. pp.355-365.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCM; Informative; Europe; Norway; Lofoten; participation; regulation

Abstract: The paper presents a case of co-management practices of the Lofoten fisheries of Norway. The Lofoten fishery has been described as the largest cod fishery in the world in terms of catches and participation. Its importance to coastal communities, especially in northern Norway, has been fundamental for many centuries. A conspicuous feature is the successful regulation of the Lofoten fishery for 90 years by the fishermen themselves. The paper traces its historical roots and how and why it came into existence. A detailed description follows of how the system is organized and how it works. The main factors which accounts for its success and the lessons to be learned from this particular experience will also be discussed.

Jentoft, S. et al. 1997. Social theory and fisheries co-management.

Keywords : co-management; social theory; theory; institutions; choice

Abstract: Co-management is a tool of fisheries management that has received much attention in recent years. Although there are great hopes about what it may accomplish, there are also serious doubts, questions and criticisms regarding its general applicability. We believe that many of these concerns are valid ones. However, many of the negative predictions reflect overly narrow perspectives on the role and nature of institutions. Other, no less valid, presuppositions lead to more optimistic hypotheses concerning the outcomes of co-management arrangements. The institutional problems associated with co-management have been analyzed frm the perpective of rations choice. We offer another perpective by analyzing these problems from the standpooint of how institutions are embedded in human community.

Jentoft, S. and B. McCay. 1995. User participation in fisheries managment. Lessons drawn from international experiences. Marine Policy.Vol. 19. No. 3. pp.227-246.

Keywords : co-management; participation; 2 FCM; project; USA; Canada; Spain; New Zealand; enforcement; case study

Abstract: This paper summarizes the findings of two partly overlapping comparative international projects on government-industry interaction in fisheries management in the seven Nordic countries, the USA, Canada, Spain, France and New Zealand. Fisheries management agencies often rely on inputs from user groups in planning, implementation and enforcement of regulatory systems. User involvement in fisheries management is a controversial subject in most of the countries represented here. Too much or too little involvement seem equally problematic. The issue is not so much if and why user groups should be involved, as how, which is basically a political question. User participation is a means through which users are empowered, and there is always a possibility that some will win while others will lose or be left out entirely. However, the question of how user groups should be incoporated in the management process is also a question of institutional design. In this respect, great diversity is demonstrated in our case studies. This suggests that the question of how users should be involved has many possible answers - none of them easy.

Johannes, R.E. 1978. Reef and Lagoon Tenure Systems in the Pacific. South Pacific Bulletin, 4th Quarter. pp.31-34.

Keywords : co-management; Pacific; 3 FCBM (-); conservation; General; consensus; method

Abstract: Only within the past 80 years have westerners discovered that heavy fishing pressure can lead to the depletion of marine fish stocks. Pacific islanders, in contrast, have been aware of the limits of their fisheries resources for centuries. Almost all the marine conservation measures designed in this century in the West were already in use in Oceania when the first western explorer stepped ashore (Johannes 1978).

Within the past 25 years, Western fisheries bioloLIsts and economists have reached the general consensus that the cornerstone of sound fisheries management is "limited entry" -limiting the number of fishermen that are allowed to harvest a given stock. Awareness of the value of limited entry occurred much earlier than this in Oceania; reef and lagoon tenure - a form of limited entry - appears to have been the single most widespread marine conservation method in operation before western contact.

Ironically, the use of this measure has declined since western contact. Western colonists, accustomed as they were to the now outmoded doctrine of "freedom of the seas," did not understand the virtues of such a system. (It was "un-American" stated one American critic). Moreover, it stood in the way of their ambition to capitalize on the islands' marine resources. So, consciously in some cases, unconsciously in others, they brought about its decline on a number of Pacific islands (Johannes 1978). Here I discuss the basic features of this, practice and its value today where it still survives.

Johannes, R.E. 1981. Working with Fishermen to Improve Coastal Tropical Fisheries and Resource Management. Bulletin of Marine Sciences.31. 3. pp.673-680.

Keywords : co-management; 2 CBM; tropical

Johannes, R.E. 1982. Traditional Conservation Methods and Protected Marine Areas in Oceania. Ambio.Vol. 11, No.5. pp.258-261.

Keywords : co-management; conservation; method; 2 FCBM; Pacific

Abstract: In the tropical Pacific islands local fishermen often have detailed knowledge that is invaluable for the planning and management of protected marine areas. In addition, understanding their traditional conservation methods is essential in establishing ocean reserves.

Johannes, R.E. 1992. Government-supported, village-based management of marine resources in Vanuatu. Forum Fisheries Agency Report. No. 94/2.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCBM; Informative; Caribbean; Vanuatu; 3 FCBM (-); conservation; law; strategy

Abstract: The report describes the results of a qualitative study on the co-management of Trochus resources in Vanuatu. The purpose of the study was to examine the strengths and weaknesses of the system. The co-management regime described is one where the government fisheries department provides scientific information and advice, as well as certain basic conservation laws, while coastal villages assume the bulk of the responsibility for local management. The paper concludes with some recommendations for further government support and strategies and conditions which would favour the success of government supported village-based management.

Johannes, R.E. 1993. Integrating traditional ecological knowledge and management with environmental impact assessment. Inglis, J.T. (ed.) Traditional ecological knowledge. Concepts and cases. 4, p. 33-9. International Program on Traditional Ecological Knowledge and International Development Research Centre.

Keywords : co-management; impact assessment

Abstract: Indigenous peoples' traditional ecological knowledge and management systems (TEKMS) are the subject of increasing attention in the developed world. Recently, the study and preservation of traditional indigenous knowledge progressed in one dizzying leap from being the focus of a small, albeit fast-growing fraternity of social and biological researchers to a media-certified public issue.

Johannes, R.E. and W. MacFarlane. 1984. Traditional Sea Rights in Torres Strait, with Emphasis on Murray Island. Kenneth Ruddle. and Tomoya Akimichi. (eds.) Maritime Institutions in the Western Pacific. National Museum of Ethnology. Osaka.

Keywords : co-management; institutions; Pacific; 3 FCBM

Johannes, R.E. 1982. Implications of Traditional Marine Resource Use for Coastal Fisheries Development in Papua New Guinea. Morauta, L. et al, (eds.) Traditional Conservation in Papua New Guinea: Implications for Today. 26, p. 239-49. Institute of Applied Social and Economic Research. Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.

Keywords : co-management; development; conservation; 3 FCBM (-); Papua New Guinea; project; commons; market; technology

Abstract: Traditional patterns of marine resource use in Papua New Guinea incorporate a variety of measures that have functioned to conserve seafood stocks. Limited entry, in the form of traditional intervillage fishing rights, has provided an especially useful means of controlling catch rates. Despite certain problems this custom poses for fisheries development, it is of even greater value today in the face of fishing pressures. Fisheries development projects in Papua New Guinea should be designed to be compatible with such useful customs or with some mutually agreed upon modifications of them. In this connection a better understanding of traditonal fishing rights is urgently needed.

Several common assumptions related to fisheries development in Oceania are open to questions in Papua New Guinea: heavy consumption of imported fish is confined largely to major population centres and inland villages; external markets are generally needed in order to use significanlty increased catches; and it is generally necessary to upgrade village fishing technology in order to increase catches significantly. Some traditional fishermen are asking for government assistance to market their fish outside their villages, yet large quantities of imported fish are being consumed withing these same villages. We need to find out why marine resource use patterns are changing in this way and what might be done to reverse the trend.

Johannes, R. 1994. Design of tropical nearshore fisheries extension work beyond the 1990s. South, G.R. et al, (eds.) Traditional marine tenure and sustainable management of marine resources in Asia and the Pacific. p. 162-74. International Ocean Institute - South Pacific, Suva.

Keywords : co-management; Vanuatu; Asia; Pacific; tropical

Johnson, M. and R.A. Ruttan. 1991. Co-management of Renewable Resources in Denedeh: Potentials and Problems.

Keywords : co-management; commons; Canada; 1 CM (-); common-property

Jordan, D. 1989. Negotiating Salmon Management on the Klamath River. Negotiating Salmon Management on the Klamath River. Evelyn Pinkerton. (ed.) Co-Operative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Management and Community Development. p. 73-81. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.

Keywords : co-management; salmon; Cooperative; development; 3 FCM; North America; conservation

Abstract: This paper describes the agreement which was reached as a result of the long standing struggles between the Indian tribes and the recreational fishermen. The negotiating process and the achievements of this process are described. It is concluded that the agreements succeeded because Indian rights and their role in fishery management was recognised by the federal court. The Klamath River Council was formed with representatives from management agencies and user groups. Agreements were made on multiple jurisdiction, conservation and allocation. The final conclusion is that time will determine whether a negotiated settlement is a realistic long term alternative to court litigation.

Jul-Larsen, E. 1995. The politics of resource management; An assessment of the sociological aspects in connection to developing resource management regimes on Lake Kariba (Zambia and Zimbabwe). Chr. Michelsen Institute, Bergen. pp.1-33.

Keywords : co-management; politics; Kariba; Zambia; Zimbabwe; Africa

Kada, Y. 1984. The Evolution of Joint Fisheries Rights and Village Community Structure on Lake Biwa, Japan. Kenneth Ruddle. and Tomoya Akimichi. (eds.) Maritime Institutions in the Western Pacific. p. 137-58. National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka.

Keywords : co-management; institutions; Pacific; 3 FCM; Japan

Kafumbe, F.S. 1997. Towards community based fisheries management: A new approach in the management of the Mweru-Luapula and Bangweulu fisheries.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; Zambia; Africa; Malawi; workshop

Abstract: The paper is aimed at reviewing the management of the Mweru-Luapala and Bangweulu fisheries before and during the colonial administration and after independence of Zambia. Attempts are being made in the fisheries in Luapala province to meet all stake holders so that meaningful ways of managing the fisheries are sought. At the present moment everyone is calling for community participatory fisheries management. Thus this calls for studies, investigations, seminars, etc. The paper also shows the major findings pointing to community based fisheries.

Kalland, A. 1984. Sea Tenure in Tokugawa Japan: The Case of Fukuoka Domain. Kenneth Ruddle. and Tomoya Akimichi. (eds.) Maritime Institutions in the Western Pacific. National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka.

Keywords : co-management; institutions; Pacific; 3 FCBM; Japan

Katon, B.M. et al. 1997. The marine conservation project for San Salvador: A case study of fisheries co-management in the Philippines.ICLARM & Haribon Foundation, Inc., Philippines. Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; case study; San Salvador; Philippines; conservation; project; Asia

Abstract: The San Salvador case study examines the steps leading up to the creation, practical management issues, and the impact on ecosystem health, both natural and human, of a marine reserve and sanctuary off the island's northwest coast within the overall context of co-management. Although the study offers valuable lessons of its own, it belongs within a larger regional comparative analysis of fisheries co-management arrangements in the Philippines and Asia.

Kearney, J. 1983. Working Together: A Study of Fishermen's Response to Government Management of the District 4A Lobster Fishery. University Sainte-Anne, Pointe-de-l'Eglise.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCM (-); lobster; government

Kearney, J. 1984. The Transformation of the Bay of Fundy Herring Fisheries, 1976- 1978: An Experiment in Fishermen-Government Co-Management. Cynthia Lamson. and Arthur J.Hanson. (eds.) Atlantic Fisheries and Coastal Community Fisheries Decision- Making Case Studies. p. 165-204. Dalhousie Ocean Studies Programme, Institute for Research and Environmental Studies, Halifax.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCM (-); herring; Atlantic; case study

Kearney, J.F. 1984. The transformation of the Bay of Fundy herring fisheries 1976-1978: An experiment in fishermen-government co-management. C.Lamson and A.J.Hanson (eds.) Atlantic Fisheries and Coastal Communities: Fisheries Decision-Making Case Studies.

Keywords : co-management; North America; herring; Atlantic; model; policy; environment; market; Advisory; case study

Abstract: Since 1976, the alternative, self-determination model of decision making, has, nevertheless, found germinal expression in a concept known as co-management. This concept was first put forward as an element of government policy in a 1978 speech of Rom?o LeBlanc, then Minister of Fisheries and Environment. LeBlanc offered fishermen the opportunity to co-manage the fisheries so they could take over their fishery, own their boats, run their business, negotiate prices and working conditions, and become partners fully equal with those who buy, process, and market fish.

The principles of co-management were later described in more detail in the government's 1981 discussion paper, Policy for Canada's Atlantic Fisheries in the 1980's. Co-management was proposed both as a way to delegate certain responsibilities to fishermen, such as arbitrating and policing, and as a mechanism to tailor resource management according to local needs. But the paper was ambiguous. It was not clear whether co- management involved the delegation of substantive areas of decision making to fishermen or was simply a decentralized form of the advisory model.

Kearney, J.F. 1989. Co-Management or Co-Optation? The Ambiguities of Lobster Fishery Management in Southwest Nova Scotia. Evelyn Pinkerton. (ed.) Co-Operative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Management and Community. p. 85-102. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; 3 FCM; North America; development; lobster; Nova Scotia; Canada; case study; social movements

Abstract: Using the case study of Lobster Fishery management in Southwest Nova Scotia, the author describes how differing conceptions of fisheries management and the fishing labour processes constitute a major obstacle to the development of co-management. The paper emphasises the importance for fishermen to form cooperative social movements that strengthen existing solidarities and extend solidarity to inshore fishermen throughout the region before investing time and energy into the state's management processes.

Kebe, M. 1997. Artisanal fisherfolk's involvement in fishery rehabilitation in Senegal: Co-management perspectives.

Keywords : artisanal; co-management; development; policy; Senegal; Africa; workshop

Abstract: The logic of marine fishery development is Senegal is reviewed. The main experiences aiming at involving artisanal fisherfolk in the definition and follow-up of fishery policy are assessed. Co-management perspectives of fishery resources in Senegal are analysed.

Kebe, M. 1997. Artisanal fisherfolks' involvement in fishery rehabilitation in Senegal: Co-management perspectives. Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; Senegal; Africa; project; artisanal

Keohane, R.O.(.). 1995. Local commons and global interdependence. Heterogeneity and cooperation in two domains. Keohane, R.O. and E. Ostrom (eds.) SAGE Publications, London

Keywords : co-management; commons; local level; state; theory; cooperative behavior

Abstract: This book offers a synthesis of what is known about very large and very small common-pool resources. It presents the deliberations and conclusions of a distinguished group of scholars who were brought together to bridge the communication gap between social scientists working at these opposite ends of the scale.

Individuals using commons at the global or local level may find themselves in similar situations. At an international level, states cannot appeal to authoritative hierarchies to enforce agreements they make to cooperate with one another.

The contributors discuss the possibilities and dangers of scaling up and scaling down. They explore the impact of the numbers of actors and the degree of heterogeneity among actors on the likelihood of cooperative behaviour. They find that actors coping with local problems frequently exceeds the number of actors coping with global commons.

Keus, B. 1994. Self-Regulation in Fisheries. The Case of the Mussel-Seed Fishery in the Netherlands.

Keywords : co-management; Netherlands; 3FCBM

Khakhar, K.K. 1991. Public Policy Territoriality and Tragedy of the Commons in Marine Fisheries.

Keywords : co-management; commons; Canada; 2 FCM (-); policy; common-property

Khan, M.S. and N.A. Apu. 1997. Fisheries co-management in the Ox-bow lakes of Bangladesh.

Keywords : co-management; Bangladesh; Oxbow; project

Khonhassia, G. and K. Angaman. 1997. The traditional management of artisanal fisheries in Ctte d'Ivoire: The case of Aby Lagoon. Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; artisanal; development; project; consensus; method; participation; Aby Lagoon; Ctte d'Ivoire; West Africa; Africa; Consultative

Abstract: Fisheries management on Aby Lagoon in Ctte d'Ivoire has been a long process characterized by cyclical developments. In fact, the period before 1979 can be considered as one of traditional management. During this period fisheries resource was supposed to be available and sufficient. The populations along the lagoon were made responsible for its management, and they regulated access according to traditional conventions (threat of sanctions, social control). However, in 1980 the government intervened because it considered the lagoon overexploited. This first intervention had the support of the European Development Fund with the provision of beach and purse seines and later by funding the "Project for the development of artisanal fisheries in Aby Lagoon" Since then, many mangement plans have folowed one antother, as well as their accompanying crises.

After many crises which are indications of the inadequacy of the management measures proposed by the government, the Aby Lagoon Fisheris Project initiated, from 1992, another approach called participatory. A key element in this approach was the creation of Consultative Committees for Fisheries Surveillance (CCSPs). These committees were responsible for maintaining communication between the fisheries administration and the populations, seeing to the implementation and respect of norms established by consensus. Stakeholders were given opportunities to be acquainted with methods of participatory management through seminars, workshops, etc.

The analysis of the different ups and downs of fisheries management on the Aby Lagoon reveals a permanent effort, since 1992, to encourage participation of the population. Unfortunately, this effort is held back because the populations have a fixed negative opinion of the project, as well as of all its initiatives.

King, H.R. 1992. Fisheries development and planning. Project RAF/88/047.

Keywords : co-management; project; development; planning; West Africa; institution; policy

Knutson, P.R. 1987. The Unintended Consequences of the Boldt Decision. John C.Cordell. (ed.) A Sea of Small Boats. Cultural Survival, Inc., Cambridge, MA.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM

Koester, S. and D. Rose. 1990. Fishing along St. Lucia's Southeast Coast: A Study of Self Determination and Develop ment Sea Turtles as Common Property Resources: International, National, and Local Management for Sustainable Development.

Keywords : co-management; Caribbean; 3FCBM (-)";"UK";;;; commons; development; 1 CM (-); sustainable development; common-property

Koirala, B.P. 1986. People's Participation in Forestry: A Must for Nepal. Y.S.Rao. et al, (eds.) Community Forestry: Socio-economic Aspects. p. 227-32. Food and Agriculture Organization, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok, Thailand.

Keywords : co-management; participation; socio-economic; 1 CM (-)

Kojis, B.L. and N.J. Quinn. 1989. A low cost, approp. technology method for estim. the productivity of a trad., multi-species fishery in Papua New Guinea and implic. for management. Research and Small Scale Fisheries - Draft Contributions.

Keywords : co-management; method; 2 FCBM; technology; Papua New Guinea

Korten, D.C. 1986. Conclusion: Community Management and Social Transformation. Community Management, Asian Experience and Perspectives. Kumarian Press.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CBM; community-based; community management

Korten, D.C. 1986. Introduction: Community-Based Resource Management. Community Management, Asian Experience and Perspectives. Kumarian Press

Keywords : co-management; community-based; 2 CBM; community management

Korten, D.C. et al. 1986. Community Management, Asian Experience and Perspectives. Korten, D.C. (ed.) Kumarian Press, West Hartford, Connecticut.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CBM; Asia; community management

Korten, F.F. 1986. The Policy Framework for Community Management. Community Management, Asien Experience and Perspectives. Kumarian Press.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CBM; community-based; policy; community management

Kristiansen, A. et al. 1995. Co-Management of Fisheries in Inhassoro, Inhambane Province, Mocambique: A case study. ICLARM and IFM (eds.)Ministerio de Agricultura e Pesca, Instituto de Desenvolvimento da pesca de Pequena Escala (IDPPE), Mozambique.

Keywords : co-management; case study; 3 FCM; Inhassoro; Inhambane; Mozambique; Africa; organisation

Abstract: The legal basis for fisheries management is described. A case study of co-management arrangement for the mechanised beach seine fishery in Inhassoru is described covering both history, organisation and decision-making. The fishery is managed by a Fishermens Association.

Kuperan, K. 1995. Enforcement and Compliance with Regulations in the Malaysian Fishery.

Keywords : co-management; enforcement; compliance; research report; project; 2 FCM; regulation

Kuperan, K. et al. 1997. Enforcement and compliance with fisheries regulations in Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines.RR No. 5. Research Report.Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Diponegoro University, University of the Philippines in the Visayas. Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; enforcement; compliance; Philippines; Malaysia; Indonesia; theory; legitimacy; regulation

Abstract: A study of fisheries regulations in Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines is presented in this report. Compliance models which account for moral obligation and social influence in addition to the conventional expected costs and revenues associated with illegal behavior are developed and tested. The basic deterrence model of regulatory compliance, which focuses on the certainty and severity of sanctions as key determinants of compliance, yields only a partial explanation of compliance behavior and provides poor guidance for policy. To offer a more complete explanation, the models tested herein integrate economic theory with theories from psychology and sociology to account for both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations influencing individuals' decisions whether to comply. Probit, Logit and Tobit econometric estimators are used to examine the compliance behavior of 792 Malaysian, Indonesian and Philippines fishers. The findings are used to draw implications for compliance policy in the context of fishery management regulations.

Kuperan, K. and Nik Mustapha Raja Abdullah. 1994. Small-scale coastal fisheries and co-management. Marine Policy.18. 4. pp.306-313.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM

Kuperan, K. and J.G. Sutinen. 1994. Compliance with zoning regulations in Malaysian fisheries.

Keywords : co-management; compliance; 2 FCM; regulation; economics; trade; Malaysia; model; legitimacy; policy; enforcement; probit; logit; tobit

Abstract: This paper examines compliance among trawler fishermen with the zoning regulation in Peninsular Malaysia. A theoretical model that extends the traditional deterrence model is developed to explain compliance behaviour. Probit and logit econometric models are used to estimate the violation decision of 318 Peninsular Malaysian fishermen. The Tobit model is used to estimate the extent of violations. The key result that emerges is that moral, legitimacy factors, and social influences are significant determinants of compliance behaviour. This support the argument that the pure deterrence model of compliance which focuses primarily on the probability of detection and conviction and the penalty as the key determinants of compliance, provide only a partial explanation of compliance behaviour. From a policy perspective, moral, legitimacy, and social influence variables can complement the efficiency goal in any enforcement program by encouraging voluntary compliance and thus reducing the need for large expenditures on enforcement inputs to secure compliance.

Kurien, J. 1991. Ruining the Commons and Responses of the Commoners: Coastal Overfishing and Fishermen's action in Kerala State, India. UNRISD

Keywords : co-management; commons; overfishing; state; India; 2 FCBM

Kurien, J. 1993. Towards an integrated community management of coastal fisheries. R.S.Pomeroy. (ed.) Community Management and Common Property of Coastal Fisheries in Asia and the Pacific: Concepts, Methods and Experiences. p. 107-14. ICLARM, Manila, Philippines.

Keywords : co-management; commons; Asia; Pacific; method; 2 FCM; community management; common-property

Kurien, J. and T.R.T. Achari. 1988. Fisheries Development Policies and the Fishermen's Struggle. Social Action VOL - 38. 1. pp.15-36.

Keywords : co-management; development; 2 FCM (-); policy

Lacanilao, F.J. 1989. Fostering the Small Fishermen's turf. Aquaculture Watch.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCBM (-)

Lane, D.E. and R.L. Stephenson. 1995. Matching technical measures with multiple objectives through comanagement.

Keywords : indsats; effort; co-management; economics; regulation; herring; case study; participation; market; Ontario; Canada

Abstract: Technical measures have been imposed in a variety of fisheries management situtations in the past in attempts to achieve conservation-related objectives. Technical measures, applied in this way, have been justifiably critized for trading off economic efficiency and social aspects of management with biological considerations. The challenge for a fisheries management system which relies on technical measures has been to balance the suite of conflicting management objectives.

Internationally, fisheries management is evolving toward shared management responsibilites - movement away from government regulation toward comanagement involving greater industry control. This also requires appropriate integration of biological, economic, and social objectives. Both the proper implementation of technical measures in management, and the move toward comanagement will require formal decision making within appropriate institutional arrangements designed to meet multiple objectives.

In this paper we use the Scotia-Fundy herring fishery (NAFO Division 4WX) as a case study to explore management by a suite of technical measures within a comanagement structure. The case study illustrates the need to match objectives, technical measures, and institutional arrangements, and shows the importance of industry participation in this process. This specifics of the fishery are determined by the biological (stock structure, stock aggregation behaviour, etc.), economic (traditional markets, costs, prices, and substitutes), and social (social support system, alternative employment opportunities) conditions that prevail. These conditions are fishery specific and dynamic, and dictate the appropriate mixture of technical measures that will be most effective. Ongoing functional comanagement is critical to the successful integration of technical measures in management.

Lane, J. et al. 1996. South Africa. Designing new political institutions. Faure, M. and J. Lane (eds.) SAGE Publications, London.

Keywords : co-management; South Africa; Africa; institutions; development; constitution

Abstract: Various aspects of constitutional design and their interaction with social forces are addressed. The RSA's leading political scientists examine the new constitution, the roles of the president and executive, the electoral, party and parliamentary systems, and the Constitutional Court. They look at the public service, at questions of labour and corporatism, at the RSA's changing external relations and at the position of armed forces. The new government's Reconstruction and Development Programme, of which so much is expected, is seen to be particularly vulnerable to the pull of opposing forces.

Langdon, S. 1987. From Communal Property to Common Property to Limited Entry: Historical Ironies in the Management of Southeast Alaska Salmon. John C.Cordell. (ed.) A Sea of Small Boats. Cultural Survival, Inc., Cambridge, MA.

Keywords : co-management; commons; salmon; 2 FCBM; Alaska; common-property

Langdon, S.J. 1989. Prospects for Co-Management of Marine Mammals in Alaska. Evelyn Pinkerton. (ed.) Co-Operative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Management and Community Development. p. 154-69. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; development; 1 CM; Alaska

Langstraat, D.J. 1997. The Dutch co-management system for sea fisheries.

Keywords : indsats; effort; co-management; Netherlands; workshop

Larson, B.A. and D.W. Bromley. 1990. Property rights, externalities, and resource degradation. Locating the tragedy. Journal of Development Economics.33. pp.235-262.

Keywords : co-management; property rights; 1 CM; household; tragedy of the commons; commons; model

Abstract: Resource degradation in the Third World is largely driven by the demands of farm households for fuelwood and land for agriculture. Since resources are often controlled through indigenous systems of property, the tragedy of the commons has been used to explain resource degradation. As a result, private property is suggested as a solution to resource degradation. A dynamic model capable of examining household incentives for resource use under private and common property is developed. Results of the model reject the conventional wisdom that gives rise to the presumed optimality of private (individual) property in natural resources, and the correlated indictment of group management regimes.

Leendertse, K. et al. 1994. Assessment of the impact of an integrated development project: a case study of a fisheries project on Lake Tanganyika. p.1Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Keywords : co-management; development; project; case study; Tanganyika

Legaspi, P.E. and A.B. Celestino. 1996. Study on the management of fisheries / aquatic resources at the local level in the Philippines.RR No. 7. Research Report.Local Government Center, College of Public Administration, University of the Philippines, Manila. Fisheries co-management research project.

Keywords : co-management; research report; local level; Philippines

Leighton, C. 1986. How Important is Local Participation to Developm. Programs? Commentary on 'Local Participation in Devel. Decisions. Nomadic Peoples. No. 18, June.

Keywords : co-management; participation; 1 CM (-)

Lesn, M.V. 1995. Avoidance Strategies and Governmental Rigidity: The Case of the Small-Scale Shrimp Fishery in two Mexican Communities.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 3 FCM; Bod? '95; strategy; common-property

Lim, C.P. et al. 1995. Co-management in marine fisheries: The Japanese experience. Coastal Management.Vol. 23. pp.195-221.

Keywords : co-management; indsats; effort; case study; Cooperative; conflict; compliance; economics; Japan

Abstract: Employing case study data, the authors contend that the active and substantial involvement of the fishermen represented by the fishermen's cooperative association forms the core of Japanese fisheries management, supported by the government's national, prefectural, and municipal heavy financial subsidy and technical assistance. Moreover, the continued existence of the system is largely attributed to the fishermen's conflict avoidance, their compliance behavior, and their cultural values. The future of the cooperative and the community as a whole is, however, threatened by the problems of declining population and successorship, which will affect their already poor economic performance unless the government continues to provide support.

Loehman, E. and Ariel Dinar. 1991. Political Weights and Cooperative Solutions to Externality Problems: The Case of Irrigation Water.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; commons; Canada; 1 CM (-); common-property

Lopes, S. et al. 1997. From no-management towards co-management? A case study on artisanal fisheries in Angoche district, Nampula province, Mozambique. Lopes, S. (ed.) Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; Africa; case study; Angoche; Nampula; Mozambique; artisanal; project

Lopez, M.D.G. 1985. Notes on Traditional Fisheries in the Philippines. Kenneth Ruddle. and Robert E.Johannes. (eds.) The Traditional Knowledge and Management of Coastal Systems in Asia and the Pacific. p. 193-206. UNESCO, Regional Office for Science and Technology for Southea Asia. Jakarta, Indonesia.

Keywords : co-management; Philippines; Asia; Pacific; 3 FCBM (-)

Lubis, S. 1989. Community Organizers and Farmer Participation: A Case from Traditional Irrigation Systems in South Sumatra, Indonesia.

Keywords : co-management; participation; Indonesia; 1 CBM (-)

Lund, S. 1995. Institutional Rational Choice Theory and the Design of Appr. Institut. Arrangem. for Nat. Res. Managem.: The Case of Sand Dune Fix. in Mauritania 1983-90.

Keywords : co-management; theory; commons; 1 CM; Bod? '95; rational choice; choice; common-property

Lynch, B. 1985. Community Participation and Local Organization for Small-Scale Irrigation. Water Management Synthesis Project, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.

Keywords : co-management; participation; organizations; 1 CM (-)

Machena, C. and R. Kwaramba. 1994. The Creation of Property Rights in the Lake Kariba Inshore Fishery in Zimbabwe.

Keywords : co-management; property rights; Kariba; aquaculture; environment; 3 FCM; Africa; Zimbabwe; inland fisheries; participation; institution; empowerment

Abstract: The traditional resource management system before independence in Zimbabwe is described as well as the moves towards greater user participation in the Lake Kariba fishery. It is proposed that the fishing communities around the Lake are accorded greater say in the management of the resource. This requires institution and capacity building as well as empowerment within fishing communities. However, a co-management approach is considered promising given the high interest already shown by communities.

MacInnes, D. and A. Davis. 1990. Representational management or management of representation?: The place of fishers in Atlantic Canadian fisheries management.

Keywords : indsats; effort; co-management; Atlantic; Nova Scotia; Canada

MacLeod, J.R. 1989. Strategies and Possibilities for Indian Leadership in Co- Management Initiatives in British Columbia. Pinkerton, E. (ed.) Co-Operative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Management and Community Development. 15, p. 262-72. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; development; 3 FCM; North America; British Columbia; General; strategy

Abstract: General strategies to be adopted by Indian bands in pursuing conultations in co-management are suggested. The issues to be dealt with are also identified.

Malasha, I. 1996. In Search of a New Management Regime on the Northern Shores of Lake Kariba. Centre for Applied Social Sciences, University of Zimbabwe

Keywords : co-management; Kariba; 3 FCM; Instructive; Africa; enforcement

Abstract: The paper describes the processes which led to the introduction of a fisheries co-management regime for the Zambian side of Lake Kariba. The new regime was introduced as a solution to the problems of falling catches, limited resources for enforcements and the poor living conditions found in temporary fishing settlements along the lakeshore and islands. A critical review of the regime, in its initial phase is given.

Malayang Ben S.III. 1991. Tenure rights and exclusion in the Philippines. Nature and Resources. UNESCO.

Keywords : co-management; Philippines; 1 CBM (-)

Mangahas, M. 1994. Traditional Marine Tenure and Management in ASEAN. Traditional Marine Tenure and Sustainable Management in Asia and the Pacific. p. 48-57. International Ocean Institute - South Pacific.

Keywords : co-management; Asia; Pacific; 2 FCBM (-)

Marciniak, B. and S. Jentoft. 1992. A Capitalist Fisheries Co-operative: A Bulgarian Innovation. MAST.5. 1. pp.53-66.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; 3 FCM; Bulgaria; Europe; institutions; market; state; environment; innovation

Abstract: Eastern Europe is now experiencing turbulent times. Old institutions are being dismantled, a pluralist political system is appearing, market mechanisms are introduced to replace centralist "command" economies, and state firms are privatised. The future of the cooperative sector is now a political issue in several Eastern European countries. Does privatisation mean the liquidation of coops or simply a more favourable environment for exercising coop management? In this paper we view the new situation from the perspective of one Bulgarian fisheries cooperative. We describe how the coop is coping with the old regime. We also details its hopes and aspirations for the future.

Marciniak, B. and S. Jentoft. 1995. Fisheries management in post-communist Poland: Prospects of user-group participation.

Keywords : co-management; participation; commons; state; Cooperative; collective action; institutions; local level; Poland; Maszoperias; common-property

Abstract: The dismantling of communism in Poland has left the two key sectors in fisheries, state and cooperative, with a broken back. At the same time the private sector is flourishing. Also the system of interest representation, for instance relating to fisheries management, is radically changed. This has led to dis-organization and dis-integration at all levels as compared to the previous situation, and there exists a void for collective action that somehow needs to be filled. New legislation is underway that will encourage user-involvement in fisheries management. In the process, an interest for the revival of some traditional institutions at the local level - the so called Maszoperias - has been spurred. In this paper we summarize the present situation within Polish fisheries and describe some of the new legislation that is on the drawing board pertaining to fisheries management. We also depict the history of the Maszoperias, how they worked in practice in the old days, and what potentials they may offer for the future.

Marcussen, H.S. et al. 1993. Institutional issues in natural resources management. Papers from the researcher training course held at Hotel Strandparken, Holb?k, 16-20 November 1992. Marcussen, H.S. (ed.) International Development Studies TPDP. Occasional Paper No. 9. International Development Studies, Roskilde University.

Keywords : co-management; institution; institutional theory

Mariussen, ?. 1994. Social Objectives As Social Contacts in a Turbulent Economy.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM; workshop

Martin, R. and J.R. Nielsen. 1997. Creation of a new fisheries policy in South Africa: the development process and achievements. Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; South Africa; Africa; conservation; policy; development; project

Abstract: The institutional structure of South African fisheries management is embedded in the Sea Fishery Act of 1988. The act gives the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism the mandate to determine the policy for conservation and utilisation of South African living marine resources. In accordance hereto the Sea Fisheries Research Institute (SFRI) undertakes stock assessment, and the Sea Fisheries Advisory Council (SFAC) advises the Minister on the annual TAC setting. The TAC is allocated into individual quotas by a Quota Board on the basis of guidelines and objectives set by the Minister.

Mathew, S. 1991. Study of territorial use rights in small-scale fisheries: traditional systems of fisheries management in Pulicat Lake, Tamil Nadu, India. FAO

Keywords : co-management; India; 2 FCBM

Mathew, S. 1997. Is the White Paper black enough?

South Africa: Straddling the colour barrier. SAMUDRA. No. 18. pp.1-9.

Keywords : co-management; White Paper; South Africa; Africa; akn

Matsuda, Y. 1991. The Japanese "Type I Common Fishery Right" Evolution and Current Management Problems. Resource Management and optimization.Vol. 8, No. 3. pp.211-226.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 1 CBM (-)

Matthews, R. and J. Phyne. 1988. Regulating the Newfoundland Inshore Fishery: Traditional Values Versus State Control in the Regulation of a Common Property Resource. Journal of Canadian Studies.23. 1-2. pp.158-176.

Keywords : co-management; state; commons; 3 FCM (-); Newfoundland; regulation; theory; rationality; policy; common-property

Abstract: This paper focuses upon how the values inherent in the theory of common property resource management relate to the regulatory of the inshore fishery of Newfoundland. This theory, drawing upon Hobbesian assumptions, views collective irrationality as a product of individual rationality within open access fisheries, and has been incorporated into federal licensing policy. Based upon interviews with 144 inshore fishermen and 51 fishery officers, conducted during 1982-83 and 1985 respectively, the paper argues that this theory has been accepted by both fishery officers and inshore fishermen. However, even after licensing was introduced, fishermen still participated in local controls over access to the inshore fishery; collective irrationality is not necessarily associated with open-access fisheries. Given this, fishermen's acceptance of licensing policy may be related to changes in the class structure of the inshore fisehry since the late 1960s.

Matth?asson, T. 1992. Principles for distribution of rent from a 'commons'. Marine Policy.Vol. 16. No. 3.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 2 FCM

McCay, B.J. 1980. A Fishermen's Cooperative, Limited: Indigneous Resource Management in a Complex Society. Anthropological Quarterly.53. January. pp.29-38.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; 2 FCBM

McCay, B.J. 1987. Sea Tenure and the Culture of the Commoners. John C.Cordell. (ed.) A Sea of Small Boats. Cultural Survival, Inc., Cambridge, MA.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCM

McCay, B.J. 1988. Muddling through the clam beds: cooperative management of New Jersey's hard clam spawner sanctuaries. Journal of Shellfish Research.Vol. 7. No. 2. pp.327-340.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; 3 FCM; Advisory; New Jersey; North America; environment; project

Abstract: This article describes the process whereby hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) spawner sanctuaries were created in estuarine environments along the New Jersey shore in an attempt to increase recruitment in the region. While the project was only a limited success in terms of this biological goal, this experiment in co-managemnt involved complex and revealing socio-cultural interactions among a variety of constituencies and individuals who attempted to "muddle through" the problem solving process together. This article is principally concered with analyzing and understanding what happened from an anthropological perspective. It thus hopes to contribute to our understanding of the reasons for the successes and failures of such cooperative efforts as fishery management problem solving.

McCay, B.J. 1989. Co-management of a Clam Revitalization Project: The New Jersey "Spawner Sanctuary" Program. Evelyn Pinkerton. (ed.) In Co-operative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Management and Community Development. University of British Columbia Press. Vancouver.

Keywords : co-management; project; Cooperative; development; 3 FCM; Advisory; North America; state; New Jersey; USA; institutions; participation

Abstract: The paper describes an experiment in cooperative fisheries management in the state of New Jersey, USA. Co-management in this case refers not only to cooperation between the state and others in managing the resource, but also to cooperation among scientists of different institutions and agencies and between scientists, shellfishermen and bureaucrats. The case is one of voluntary participation, grassrotots activism and ad hoc co-operation. The project's focus is the hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria).

McCay, B.J. 1990. Everyone's Concern, Whose Responsibility? The Problem of the Commons. Understanding Economic Process. p. 189-210.

Keywords : co-management; commons; economics; 1 CM

McCay, B.J. 1993. Management Regimes. Beijer Discussion Paper Series. No. 38.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM; workshop; property rights; commons; participation

Abstract: This paper reviews some of the generalisations concerning management regimes and the commons. Suggestions are made about conceptualising regimes and forms of user participation, including the concept of co-management.

McCay, B.J. 1995. Common and private concerns. Advances in Human Ecology.Vol.4.

Keywords : co-management; commons; Cooperative; local level; participation; enforcement

Abstract: Co-operative management (sometimes collaborative management) or co-management broadly refers to various degrees of integration of local-level and state-level resource management systems. In practice, there is a wide variety of partnership arrangements possible, involving various degree of participation in research, management decision-making and enforcement, and various degrees of power-sharing. Borrowing from the Arnstein ladder of citizen participation there are five steps in a ladder of participation: government power, inform, consult, co-management, and fisher power.

McCay, B.J. and F. Berkes. 1990. Social and Ecological Variation in Fisheries and the Choice of Management Regimes.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 2 FCBM (-); choice; common-property

McCay, B.J. and Carolyn F.Creed. 1989. Dividing up the Commons: Co-management of the US Surf Clam Fishery. J.S Thomas. et al, (eds.) Marine Resource Utilization: A Conference on Social Issues. University of South Alabama Publication Services, Mobile, Alabama.

Keywords : co-management; commons; Advisory; North America; surf clam; appraisal; shellfish; conflict

Abstract: This paper is an ethnographic appraisal of political, social and cultural aspects of the transition from a common property fishery, albeit highly "stinted" or regulated, to one involving near-privatization of rights to valuable shellfish resoruces. The focus is on the management arena: meetings of the fishery management council, industry lobbying groups, scientific and industry advisory groups, government / council task forces, etc. The essay is background to an ongoing study of a community engaged in negotiation and conflict over how to manage and allocate rights to common resources.

McCay, B.J. and Carolyn F.Creed. 1990. Social Structure and Debates on Fisheries Management in Atlantic Surf Clam Fishery. Ocean and Shoreline Management 13. pp.199-229.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCM; Advisory; North America; Atlantic; surf clam; regulation; fishing industry

Abstract: The surf clam fishery of the mid-Atlantic experienced a sharp decline in resources in the mid-1970s and impressive increases in clam populations by the mid-1980s. Public response to the former, triggered by a severe anoxic condition and near-disaster in 1976, was to impose strict regulations on the fishing fleet and create limits on the number of vessels. Response to the latter has been to impose even stricter regulations and to move toward a privatized limited access regime. We show how social structure within the fishing industry affects the management process.

McCay, B.J. and Carolyn F.Creed. 1990. Social Structure and Debates on Fisheries Management in Atlantic Surf Clam Fishery. Ocean and Shoreline Management.13. pp.199-229.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCM; Atlantic; surf clam

McCay, B.J. et al. 1995. Individual transferable quotas (ITQs) in Canadian and US fisheries. Ocean and Coastal Management.Vol. 28, Nos 1-3. pp.85-115.

Keywords : indsats; effort; individual transferable quotas; quota; itq; development; economics; surf clam; ocean quahog; United States; Scotia-Fundy; Atlantic; Canada; property rights; individual quota; co-management

Abstract: Individual transferable quotas (ITQs) are market-based allocation systems that have received much attention in resource management. The two ITQ fishery management systems studied were implemented in 1990 and are still in the early stages of development: Surf Clam and Ocean Quahog ITQs in the US Extended Economic Zone, and Under 65' Mobile Gear Groundfish ITQs in the Scotia-Fundy region of Atlantic Canada. We note differences and similarities in the two fisheries and factors that precipitated the decision to switch to ITQs, the process itself, the design of the two ITQ systems and some of the consequences. Among the lessons learned from the comparative study are the critical importance of decisions about transferability of quotas and the political and historical context, and pre-existing industry structure, to the acceptance and performance of ITQs. In addition, the research shows mixed results for questions about relationships between exclusive property rights and stewardship, on the one hand, and between individual quota systems and co-management on the other. We consider these and other findings in the light of evaluative criteria such as economic efficiency, social equity and stewardship.

McCay, B.J. and S. Jentoft. 1996. From the bottom up: Participatory issues in fisheries management. Society & Natural Resources.Vol. 9, No. 3. pp.237-250.

Keywords : co-management; case study; politics; public participation

Abstract: "Co-management" is among several slogans used to indicate a dissatisfaction with present systems and a movement to more decentralized systems of marine resource management. The authors note the necessary distinction between decentralization and participatory management and use comparative analyses of case studies of fisheries management systems in Scandinavian and North American countries and New Zealand to explore potentials for both decentralization and delegation of authority in fisheries management. The article focuses on issues of representation, domain, and communication in the design of fisheries management systems. It notes the value of the concept of subsidiarity, recently adopted in the process of European Integration, and raises the question of sources of more "communicative rationality" in the social and political processes surrounding fisheries management.

McGoodwin, J. 1992. The case of co-operative co-management. Australian Fisheries. pp.11-15.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; 2 FCM; market; Atlantic; surf clam; New Jersey

Abstract: The paper reviews the potential for co-management in fisheries for resolbing the crisis in fisheries management. The debate between this proposed solution and the use of market mechanisms is discussed. Brief descriptions of several co-management arrangements are given. The problems and complexities of co-management regimes are also discussed using the example of the Atlantic surf clam fishery in New Jersey.

McGoodwin, J.R. 1984. Some Examples of Self-Regulatory Mechanisms in Unmanaged Fisheries. Food and Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations, Rome.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM

McGoodwin, J.R. 1987. Conflicts over Shrimp Rights in a Mexican Fishery. John C.Cordell. (ed.) A Sea of Small Boats. Cultural Survival, Inc., Cambridge, MA

Keywords : co-management; conflict; 3 FCM

McGoodwin, J.R. 1990. Crisis in the World's Fisheries: People, Problems, and Policies. Stanford University Press.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM; policy

McGrath, D.G. et al. 1993. Fisheries and the Evolution of Resource Management on the Lower Amazon Floodplain. Human Ecology.Vol. 21, No. 2.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCM

Medagama, J. 1989. Adjusting the Process for Participatory Management in Small Scale Reservoir Systems through Team Approach: A Case Study in North Central Sri Lanka.

Keywords : co-management; case study; Sri Lanka; 1 CM (-); workshop

Meltzoff, S.K. 1995. Marisquadoras of the shellfish revolution: The rise of women in co-management on Illa de Arousa, Galicia. Journal of Political Ecology.Vol. 2. pp.20-38.

Keywords : co-management; women; gender; technology; development; conservation; shellfish; Galicia; Gal?cia; Spain; Illa de Arousa; European Community

Abstract: This paper explores connections between macro-structural changes and local fisheries management on Illa de Arousa, Ria de Arousa, Galicia, Spain to understand political ecology. It examines the political rises of marisquadoras (women shellfishers) in the "shellfish revolution". This revolution was not in technology, but in management and marketing resulting from infrastructural development. The community responded by resurrecting the cofrad?a (local fisheries association), to create a bureaucratized form of co-management with the Galician government. The historical convergence of macro-structural changes and local culture facilitated marisquadoras' inclusion in co-management and creation of a local ethnic of conservation.

Menzies, N.K. 1988. A Survey of Customary Law and Control over Trees and Wildlands in China. Louise Fortmann. and John W.Bruce. (eds.) Whose Trees? Proprietary Dimensions of Forestry. p. 51-62. Westview Press, Boulder, CO.

Keywords : co-management; law; 1 CBM (-); China

Merrey, D.J. and D.H. Rust. 1987. People's Participation in the Gal Oya Rehabilitation Project as Viewed by Agency Personnel.

Keywords : co-management; participation; project; India; 1 CM (-); workshop

Meynen, W. 1989. Fisheries Development, Resources Depletion and Political Mobilization in Kerala: The Problem of Alternatives. Development and Change.Vol. 20. pp.735-770.

Keywords : co-management; development; 3 FCM

Miller, M.J. and J.v. Maanen. 1979. Boats Don't Fish, People Do: Ethnographic Notes on the Federal Management of Fisheries in Gloucester. Human Organization.38. 4. pp.377-385.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM

Miller, R.J. 1990. Properties of a Well-Managed Nearshore Fishery. Fisheries.Vol. 15, No. 5. pp.7-12.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM

Mines, A.N. et al. 1982. Small-scale fisheries of San Miguel Bay, Philippines: biology and stock assessment. Pauly, D. and A.N. Mines (eds.) ICLARM Technical Reports. ICLARM 7. pp.1-124.

Keywords : co-management; San Miguel; Philippines; biology; stock assessment

Marine living resources bill. 1997.B94-97.Abstract: Bill: To provide for the conservation of the marine ecosystem, the long-term sustainable utilisation of marine living resources and the orderly access to exploitation, utilisation and protection of certain marine living resources; and for these purposes to provide for the exercise of control over marine living resources in a fair and equitable manner to the benefit of all the citizens of South Africa; and to provide for matters connected therewith.ifm.

Moerkoere, J. 1992. The Collapse of a Corporate Management System: Experiences from the Faroese Fishing Industry.

Keywords : co-management; fishing industry; 3 FCM; Informative; Europe; regulation; Faroe Islands

Abstract: The regulation of the wetfish fishery in the Faroe Islands between 1975-90 is described. Responsibility to manage the fishery was delegated to the Raw Fish Fund using a subsidy price and minimum price regime. It was inteded for the scheme to be self financing with good years financing bad years. However, the system led to overcapitalisation of the fishery and led to the collapse of fish stocks. Although a co-management arrangement was in place, the failure of the regime was due to the inability of Raw Fish Fund board members to withstand pressure form interest groups.

Moniaga, S. 1991. Towards Community-Based Forestry and the Recognition of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in the Outer Islands in Indones.: A Legal and Policy Analysis.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; commons; Canada; 1 CBM (-); policy; common-property

Morrell, M. 1989. The Struggle to Integrate Traditional Indian Systems and State Management in the Salmon Fisheries of the Skeena River, British Columbia. Evelyn Pinkerton. (ed.) In Co-Operative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Management and Community Development. p. 231-48. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.

Keywords : co-management; state; salmon; Cooperative; development; 3 FCM; North America; British Columbia; conflict; regulation; institutions

Abstract: This paper describes the history of interactions between the Native Canadians, European immigrants and the authorities over the salmon fishery in the Skeena River. Increasing conflict between the Indian fishers and the state led to the initiation of negotiations in the late 1970s. Agreements were reached but no progress was made, on the management authority of the Chiefs or for resolving disputes over management objectives and regulations. The paper describes the situation until 1986, where after much dispute, the Tribal Council has passed a number of bylaws which have entered into force. However, discussions between different user groups and authorities are continuing. The paper conclude by noting that without outside acknowledgement of the authority of Indian institutions, the Indian negotiators will be seen as co-opted and Indian harvesters can be expected to resist the new management regime just as they resist current DFO regulation.

Muluk, C. 1985. Tambak Systems in the Karawang Coast of West Java: A Case Study of Traditional Coastal Resource Use. Ruddle, K. and R.E. Johannes (eds.) The Traditional Knowledge and Management of Coastal Systems in Asia and the Pacific. p. 231-51. UNESCO, Regional Office for Science and Technology for Southeast Asia. Jakarta, Indonesia.

Keywords : co-management; case study; Asia; Pacific; 1 FCBM (-); Indonesia; Karawang Regency; West Java; Java; tambak; quality

Abstract: In parts of Indonesia, the brackish water fish pond (tambak) for the production of milkfish and shrimp is an old-established method of using coastal resources. Focussing on water quality and supply, productivity, cultivation practices and environmental hazards, together with the interactions between ponds and adjacent rice field systems, this paper examines the tambak of part of the coast of Karawan Regency, West Java.

Murphree, M.W. 1991. Communities as Institutions for Resource Management. p.1Centre for Applied Social Sciences (CASS), University of Zimbabwe, Harare. CASS Occasional Paper Series.

Keywords : co-management; institutions; 1-2 CBM (-)

M?rk?re, J. 1994. Adapting to the CFP? - Globality and New Possibilities for the Faroese Fishing Industry.

Keywords : co-management; fishing industry; 2 FCM; workshop

Nakashima, D. 1991. Inuit Traditional Knowledge as a Basis for Arctic Wildlife Management.

Keywords : co-management; commons; Canada; 1 CBM (-); common-property

Ndagala, D.K. 1985. Local Participation in Development Decisions: An Introduction. Nomadic Peoples. 18 (June). pp.3-6.

Keywords : co-management; participation; development; 1 CM (-)

Nepal Australia Forestry Project. 1988. Directions for Community Forest Management in Nepal: Seminar Series at the Institute of Forestry, Pokhara, September. Nepal Australia Forestry Project, Kathmandu.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CBM (-)

Nielsen, J.R. 1992. Structural problems in the Danish fishing industry. Marine Policy. pp.349-369.

Keywords : co-management; fishing industry; 3 FCM

Nielsen, J.R. et al. 1995. Framework for Addressing Fisheries Co-Management Arrangements. IFM

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM

Nielsen, J.R. 1994. Participation in fishery management policy making. National and EC regulation of Danish fishermen. Marine Policy.Vol. 18. No. 1. pp.29-40.

Keywords : co-management; participation; 3 FCM; Consultative; Europe; UK; policy; regulation; Denmark; European Community; institutions

Abstract: The article describes the fishery management regime in Denmark. Denmark is a member of the European Community (EC) and therefore subject to EC policies. For this reason a substantial number of fishery managemnt policies in Denmark are determined by the EC. The article examines the decision-making process in relation to both national and EC decision. The objective is to describe the participating agencies and institutions and the procedures that are used in this context, placing special emphasis on the effects of fishermen's representation.

Nielsen, J.R. and T. Vedmand. 1997. Fishermen's organisation in fisheries management. Perspectives for fisheries co-management based on Danish fisheries. Marine Policy.Vol.21. No. 2. pp.277-288.

Keywords : co-management; organisation; fishing industry; technology; market; strategy; participation; institutions; development; Denmark; Europe

Abstract: This paper examines the role of fishermen's organsiations in the fisheries management decision-making process based on Danish experiences. The fishing industry world-wide is facing large challenges in the years to come deriving from the management system, technology and the market. These challenges cannot be met without the central fisheries administration entering into a constructive dialogue with the user-groups, which are often referred to as co-management in the literature. A typology of fishermen's organisations is developed in order to emphasize the differences in motivation and capacity of fishermen's organisations and evaluate their strategies and effectiveness in relation to participation in fisheries co-managemnet institutions. The paper concludes with a discussion on how the present performance of fishermen's organisations meet future requirements related to fisheries management and market development.

Nielsen, J.R. and T. Vedsmand. 1995. Fisheries co-management: An alternative strategy in fisheries - cases from Denmark.

Keywords : co-management; Advisory and Informative; Europe; Denmark; oecd; legitimacy; rules; participation; organisation; theory; commons; institutions; case study; strategy

Abstract: Sustainable and efficient use of fisheries is closely linked to the legitimacy of fisheries management schemes. Legitimacy depends on the content of the rules and the participation of user-groups in the decision-making process. The paper analyses the organisation of the fisheries management system, in particular the influence of user-participation in decision-making. Theories of common property resources and institutions are adapted to fisheries and a framework for the analysis of co-management instititions is developed. Two Danish case studies of user-participation are examined to analyse how co-management arrangements are functioning and how they impact on efficiency, equity and sustainability of fisheries resource exploitation.

Nietschmann, B. 1987. Traditional Sea Territories, Resources and Rights in Torres Strait. John C.Cordell. (ed.) A Sea of Small Boats. Cultural Survival, Inc., Cambridge, MA.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCBM

Nietschmann, B. 1985. Torres Strait Islander Sea Resource Management and Sea Rights. Ruddle, K. and R.E. Johannes (eds.) The Traditional Knowledge and Management of Coastal Systems in Asia and the Pacific. p. 127-54. UNESCO, Regional Office for Science and Technology for Southeast Asia, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Keywords : co-management; Asia; Pacific; 3 FCBM (-); California; USA; conservation; participation; method; coral reef; environment; regulation; effort

Abstract: Mutual benefits would result from the integration of traditional conservation knowledge and local participation with modern conservation and resource management programmes. Methods for the sustainable use of coral reefs and small islands, among the world's most fragile environments, were developed and practiced centuries before the advent of modern equivalents. Sophisticated ecological knowledge, customary authority over resources and environments, and social regulation of exploitation provided a culturally significant and locally respected conservation system. In many areas these highly adapted systems still function but often need outside support to secure spatial autonomy and to legitimate local authority over resources and environments. The creation of protected areas for local peoples and their participation in introduced resource management and research programmes have several advantages, including gaining local support, acquiring ecologically relevant knowledge, and inheriting a decentralized and cost-efficient means for environmental monitoring and surveillance. Great distances, remote human populations, high costs, and limited environmental knowledge discourage effective non-indigenous conservation efforts in tropical marine areas. Many of these problems could be solved by supporting indigenous conservation, which would also provide protected areas for local peoples.

Nikijuluw, V.P.H. 1994. Indigenous Fisheries Resource Management in the Maluku Islands. Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor.Vol. 2, No.2. pp.6-8.

Keywords : co-management; Advisory; 2 FCBM (-); Maluku; network

Nikijuluw, V. 1996. Co-management of coastal resources in Bali Island, Indonesia.Research Institute for Marine Fisheries, Jakarta, Indonesia. Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; Indonesia; Bali; project; community-based; tourism; research report; coastal zone management

Abstract: Deployment of the artificial reefs in Jemluk waters in the Bali islands paved the way to the local fishers to establish community-based coastal resource management (CBCRM). The performance of this CBCRM was evaluated in terms of the productivity and distribution criteria. It was found that the implementation of the CBCRM brought about positive impacts as fishermen landed more fish and distribution of landings of individual fishermen tended to be more equitable. The establishment and implementation of the CBCRM provided also opportunity to fishermen to work in tourism by bringing tourists for snorkeling and diving in the artificial reef areas. It was suggested to improve more villagers to participate in tourism by providing asset the form of motorized boats.

Nikijuluw, V.P.H. 1997. Review on community-based fisheries management studies in Eastern Indonesia. p.1ICLARM, Manila. Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; Indonesia; Eastern Indonesia; project; community-based

North, D.C. 1995. The new institutional economics and development. The IASCP Conference 1995, "Reinventing the commons". p. 25-32.

Keywords : co-management; institutional economics; economics; neo-classical; development; theory; commons

Abstract: The essential characteristics of the new institutional economics are summarized, and it is described how it differs from neo-classical theory. Its analytical framework is applied to problems of development.

Nurasa, T. et al. 1994. The Role of Panglima Laot ""Sea Commander"" System in Coastal Fisheries Management in Aceh, Indonesia. Socio-economic Issues in Coastal fisheries Management: Proceedings of the IPCF Symposium. RAPA Publication.

Keywords : co-management; Indonesia; socio-economic; 3 FCBM (-); Aceh

Nyikahadzoi, K. 1995. Effects of management regulations on the fishing community of Lake Kariba. ALCOM NEWS. pp.2-4.

Keywords : co-management; regulation; Kariba

Oakerson, R.J. 1993. Analyzing the Commons: A Framework. Daniel W.Bromley. (ed.) Making The Commons Work. Theory, Practice and Policy. ICS Press, Institute for Contemporary Studies, San Francisco, California.

Keywords : co-management; commons; theory; 1 CM; policy

Oh, H.-S. 1978. Customary Rules of Water Management for Small Irrigation Reservoirs in Korea. Journal of Rural Development.1. November.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CBM (-); rules

Olomola, A.S. 1998. Sources and resolution of conflicts in Nigerian artisanal fisheries. Society & Natural Resources. 11. pp.121-135.

Keywords : co-management; conflict; artisanal; state; rules; organizations; resilience

Abstract: The increasing dependence on fisheries as a source of livelihood in the maritime states of Nigeria has been associated with intensive management of available resources and an upsurge of contestation of ownership and use rights. In Ondo and Rivers States, infringements on the rights of ownership and use and violation of resource management rules have been the major sources of conflict associated with the artisanal fisheries. It has been possible to resolve the emerging conflicts through non-adjudicatory approaches such as negotiation, mediation, and arbitration. In these approaches the organization of conflict resolution is informal and the operational rules are clear, reconciliatory, and easily comprehensible. The strength and resilience of the approaches lie in the cohesiveness of the social, kinship, linguistic, and cultural interconnections among the owners and users of the fishing grounds. Usually, the resolution of conflict is accomplished speedily and openly and the process is relatively inexpensive.

Ostrom, E. 1986. An agenda for the study of institutions. Public Choice.48. pp.3-25.

Keywords : co-management; institutions; Netherlands; 1 CM

Ostrom, E. 1990. Governing the commons: the evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Keywords : commons; institutions; collective action; co-management; 1 CM

Ostrom, E. 1990. Design Principles of Long-Enduring, Self-Organized Irrigation Systems. ? 4, p. 67-79.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CM

Ostrom, E. 1992. Crafting Institutions for Self-Governing Irrigation Systems. ICS Press, Institute for Contemporary Studies, San Francisco, California.

Keywords : co-management; institutions; 1 CM

Ostrom, E. 1993. The Rudiments of a Theory of the Origins, Survival, and Performance of Common-Property Institutions. Daniel W.Bromley. (ed.) Making The Commons Work. Theory, Practice and Policy. ICS Press, Institute for Contemporary Studies, San Francisco, California.

Keywords : co-management; theory; institutions; commons; 1 CM; policy; common-property

Ostrom, E. 1993. Institutional analysis, design principles and threats to sustainable community governance and management of commons. R.S.Pomeroy. (ed.) Community Management and Common Property of Coastal Fisheries in Asia and the Pacific: Concepts, Methods and Experiences. p. 34-50. ICLARM, Manila, Philippines.

Keywords : co-management; commons; Asia; Pacific; method; 1 CM; institutional analysis; governance; community management; common-property

Overbey, M.M. 1989. Self-Regulation among Fishermen of the Gulf of Mexico? Marine Resource Utilization: A Conference on Social Issues. University of South Alabama Publication Services, Mobile, Alabama.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCBM

Pajaro, M. 1994. Using Education to Stop Destructive Fishing Practices: A Partial Success in Several Communities. Collaborative and Community-Based Management of Coral Reefs. Kumarian Press, Inc.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; 2 FCBM (-); coral reef

Pauly, D. 1997. Artisanal Fishing and Environmental Conservation in Southeast Asian Seas. ICLARM Newsletter.

Keywords : co-management; conservation; 3 FCM; artisanal

Pauly, D. and A. Cruz-Trinidad. 1991. Sound ecology is good economics: Four Vignettes from Philippine fisheries. The Philippine environment: finance environmental conservation and rehabilitation projects and programs. p. 105-17. The Philippine Futuristics Society, Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines.

Keywords : co-management; economics; Philippines; environment; conservation; project; 3 FCM

Palsson, G. 1995. Learning by fishing: Practical science and scientific practice. World Bank pp.1-24.

Keywords : co-management; resilience; trawling; Iceland

Abstract: Professional resource managers often assume that the ecological knowledge obtained by fishing skippers during years of practical experience is of relatively little use. At the same time, recent research indicates that knowledge gained on the spot, in the course of production, is of fundamental importance. This article explores, with particular reference to the Icelandic context, how fishermen's knowledge differs from that of professional biologists and to what extent the former could be brought more systematically into the process of resource management for the purpose of ensuring resilience and sustainability. An important recent attempt at bridging the gap between Icelandic fishermen and marine scientists is the so-calles "trawling rally" - a procedure whereby a group of skippers regularly follow the same trawling paths identified by biologists for the purpose of supplying detailed ecological information. I argue that while the trawling rally is a useful and interesting experiment, it is important to look for alternative ways of engaging fishermen, of using practical knowledge of fishing for the purpose of sustainable resource-use and responsible management.

Pearse, P.H. and C.J. Walters. 1992. Harvesting regulation under quota management systems for ocean fisheries. Marine Policy.Vol. 16, No. 3.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM; regulation; quota

Pernetta, J.C. and L. Hill. 1984. Traditional Use and Conservation of Resources in the Pacific Basin. Ambio.Vol. 13, No. 54. pp.359-364.

Keywords : co-management; conservation; Pacific; 2 FCBM; shellfish

Abstract: All traditional Pacific societies used wild animals for food and those living along coasts supplemented their diets with finfish, dugongs, shellfish, cetaceans and turtles. In most cases, however, the harvesting of fish and mammals was secondary to the staple agricultural crops that provided the mainstay of the islanders' diets. As a result of "usufruct" rights, Melanesian societies, for example, laid claim to certain resources, species, or hunting/fishing techniques, thus limiting access and providing an unintentional "conservation regime".

Peters, P.E. 1987. Embedded Systems and Rooted Models, The Grazing Lands of Botswana and the Commons Debate. The Question of the Commons, The Culture and Ecology of Communal Resources. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 1 CM; model; Botswana

Pido, M.D. et al. 1995. Rapid Appraisal of Fisheries' Management Systems (RAFMS). ICLARM, Manila. 2nd draft. pp.1-ca 100.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CM; rapid; appraisal

Pido, M.D. et al. 1995. Initiatives towards Co-Management of Marine Fisheries and other Coastal Resources in an Island Environment: The Case of Palawan, Philippines.

Keywords : co-management; environment; Palawan; Philippines; commons; Norway; 3 FCM; Bod? '95; common-property

Pido, M.D. 1995. The application of Rapid Rural Appraisal techniques in coastal resources planning: experience in Malampaya Sound, Philippines. Ocean and Coastal Management.Vol. 26, No. 1. pp.57-72.

Keywords : co-management; rapid; rural; appraisal; RRA; Rapid Rural Appraisal; Philippines; Palawan; participation; household; project; development; planning

Abstract: The Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) techniques often employed to fast-track the assessments of agricultural and forest resource systems were applied to the coastal resource planning of Malampaya Sound in Palawan Island, western Philippines. The RRA was classified as exploratory: the aim was to describe the problems and opportunities in the area through the active participation of the local communities. The exercise was jointly undertaken by six researchers and representative household members from seven villages. Qualitative diagrams were constructed depicting the human interactions with the coastal resoruces in terms of four patterns: space, time, product flow and decison making. The four key coastal issues that emerged in the problem analysis chart were: low fishery production, the low prices of fisheries produce, low agricultural production and poor health conditions. The final outputs were proposed projects or action strategies to be used as mitigating measures for the coastal problems identified. The RRA techniques were found to be useful as participatory tools for problem identification and initial project development. The documentary outputs have served as guides for the rapid survey of other coastal sites in Palawan.

Pinkerton, E.(.). 1989. Co-Operative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Management and Community Development. Pinkerton, E. (ed.) University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; development; 2 FCM

Pinkerton, E.W. 1988. Cooperative Management of Local Fisheries: A Route to Development. Production and Autonomy.Anthropological Studies and Critiques of Development.Monographs in Economic Anthropology. No. 5. pp.257-273.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; development; 2 FCM

Pinkerton, E.W. 1993. Co-Management Efforts as Social Movements. Alternatives.Vol. 19, No. 3.

Keywords : co-management; social movements; 1-2CM (-); effort

Pinkerton, E. 1987. Intercepting the State: Dramatic Processes in the Assertion of Local Co-Management Rights. Bonnie J.McCay. and James M.Acheson. (eds.) The Question of the Commons: The Culture and Ecology of Communal Resources. p. 344-69. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Keywords : co-management; state; commons; 2 FCM; Informative; North America; British Columbia; salmon; case study; property rights

Abstract: The paper discusses the relationship of state actions to problems surrounding the decline of the British Columbia salmon fishery. A case study of an Indian community is examined showing that the state, rather than the community, has permitted and created the problem surrounding the common property resource. The community holds the problem in check. The case is analysed with reference to the anthropological literature on informal property rights held by communities in industrialised countries over fishing territories.

Pinkerton, E.W. 1988. Cooperative Management of Local Fisheries: A Route to Development. John W.Bennett and John R.Bowen (eds.) Production and Autonomy: Anthropological Studies and Critiques of Development. p. 257-74. University Press of America, Inc.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; development; 2 FCM; North America; commons; high sea; institutions; aquaculture; Alaska; state

Abstract: A different approach to the problem of stock depletion and overinvestment, this approach does not involve altering the common property or the high seas nature of the fishery but instead involves the creation of new institutions through which fishermen participate in government management. Two co-management arrangements are described: the regional aquaculture associations in Alaska and the treaty tribes of Washington State. In these arrangements, five relationships appear to have been altered: fishermen-fish, fishermen-fishermen, fishermen-processors, fishermen-government, and fishermen-other water resource users. These changes have led to changes in behaviour or attitudes of fishermen and governmnet and led to redefintions of the meanings of roles and relationships.

Pinkerton, E. 1988. Co-operative Management of Local Fisheries: A Route to Development. John W.Bennett. and John R.Bowen. (eds.) Production and Autonomy: Anthropological Studies and Critiques of Development. p. 257-74. Lanham, MD, University Press of America.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; development; 2 FCM; North America; commons; high sea

Abstract: The paper documents a different approach to fisheries management. One that does not necessarily involve altering the common property of the high seas nature of the fishrey, but that can work withing the structure of common property. The approach involves the creation of new instituion through which fishermen participate in government management.

Pinkerton, E. 1989. Introduction: Attaining Better Fisheries Management through Co- Management-Prospects, Problems, and Propositions. Evelyn Pinkerton. (ed.) Co-Operative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Management and Community Development. p. 3-33. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; development; 2 FCM; 3 FCM; General; case study

Abstract: This introductory chapter discusses general aspects of co-management, focussing on the different management functions which can be subject to a co-management arrangement. Based on the case studies presented in the rest of the book, some propositions are made on the preconditions favourable to developing co-management and those arrangements which are most favourable for maintaining it.

Pinkerton, E. 1989. Rural Resource Planning in Coastal British Columbia: Can Fishing Communities Plan the Future of their Fisheries. Plan Canada.Vol. 29. No. 29. pp.80-86.

Keywords : co-management; rural; 2 FCM; North America; 3 FCM (-); British Columbia; participation; project; fishing industry; Cooperative; development; planning

Abstract: After an analysis of the severe limits on the local participation in planning, a pilot project is described as a tool of intervention in creating planning opportunities of B.C. fishing communities. The political context of interests in the federally managed fishing industry and the provincially-managed regional planning process are discussed, as well as the leadership role native communities are able to play in this situation. Through action research on government / local cooperative fisheries management being successfully conducted elsewhere, this project aims to bring about the negotiations leading to fishing community participation in regional development planning.

Pinkerton, E. 1990. Sustainable Fisheries Enhancement by Stakeholders: Its Impact on Fish Prices.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 2 FCM (-); common-property

Pinkerton, E. 1991. Locally Based water Quality Planning: Contributions to Fish Habitat Protection. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences.Vol. 48. pp.1326-1333.

Keywords : co-management; quality; 2 FCM; planning

Pinkerton, E. 1991. Analyzing Co-management Efforts as Social Movements: Writing Community Forestry/Fishery/Wildlife Legislation in British Columbia.

Keywords : co-management; social movements; commons; Canada; 3 FCM (-); British Columbia; effort; common-property

Pinkerton, E. 1992. Translating legal rights into management practice: Overcoming barriers to the exercise of co-management. Human Organization.Vol. 51. No. 4. pp.330-341.

Keywords : co-management; North America; 2FCM; commons; law; strategy; environment; state; theory; organizations; salmon; General

Abstract: In many cases, the management of certain common property natural resources has been successfully shared between government agencies and groups claiming co-management rights. This analysis adds to existing middle-range theoretical positions about how such co-management arrangements develop, and specifically how groups overcome barriers to co-management when their co-management rights are protected in law but resisted politically. The paper examines a range of strategies used successfully by a coalition of environment groups and Indian tribes with rights to participate in fish and wildlife habitat protection in the state of Washington. Their struggle first to procure co-management agreements and then to have the agreements implemented has implications for the theory and practice of joint management of other common property resources, especially where multiple agencies and parties are involved.

Co-management can be generally defined as power-sharing in the exercise of resource management between a government agency and a community or organization of stakeholders. Co-management arrangements are not confined to aboriginal groups with special management rights, although they may occur more frequently among such groups, especially where management rights have been clearly defined.

The author explains that co-management agreements may cover one or more aspects of management activity. In the case of the Boldt decision, between 1974 and 1980, co-management covered shared data collection and analysis, allocation and shared planning of the salmon harvest between treaty tribes and the Washington Department of Fisheries. In the second phase of the Boldt decision, that is after 1980, co-management was more complex and covered habitat protection for wildlife, and included (in addtion to the tribes and environmental groups), the Washington Departments of Fisheries, Wildlife, Ecology, and Natural Resources, and the logging industry's Washington Forest Protection Association.

The author proposes that co-management arrangements develop through five stages: (1) adopting a negotiating posture, (2) conducting negotiations, (3) producing an agreement, (4) fully implementing the agreement, and (5) institutionalizing procedures. The paper discusses how groups overcome barriers to co- management when their rights are protected in the law but resisted politically. The paper examines a range of strategies that may be used by environmental groups and aboriginal groups with rights to participate in fish habitat protection. The basic strategy was first to procure co-managemeent agreements, and then to have these agreements implemented - perhaps a general approach for co-management cases in which multiple agencies and parties are involved-.

Pinkerton, E. 1993. Local fisheries co-management. A review of international experiences and their implications for salmon management in British Columbia. p.1School of Community and Regional Planning, University of British Columbia.

Keywords : co-management; salmon; 3 FCM; British Columbia; Canada; theory; community-based; economics; conflict; policy

Abstract: The theory and practice of community-based self-management and government/ community co-management is examined in terms of the potential of these management systems to address some of the major biological, economic, and political problems of the salmon fishery of British Columbia, Canada. Particular attention is given to government/multi-party arrangements which integrate the concerns of multiple interests, while recognizing the special rights of aboriginal communities. Elements identified as key to the success of various arrangements include: (a) logistica arrangements such as clear boundaries, membership criteria interception agreements, and management unit size appropriate to the abundance of natural and human resources; (b) cost-sharing arrangements such as local cost recovery and local volunteerism; (c) power-sharing arrangements through checks and balances between local multi-party boards, a provincial board, and the Departnent of Fisheries and Oceans. The processes engendering socia learning, through which government and local bodies could move toward such regimes, are discussed through a review of relevant literature on inter-organizational conflict resolution, public policy, and arrangements and processes likely to apply to a broad range of fisheries co-management situations.

Pinkerton, E. 1994. Economic and management benefits from the coordination of capture and culture fisheries: The case of Prince William Sound pink salmon. North American Journal of Fisheries Management.Vol. 14. No. 2.

Keywords : co-management; salmon; North America; economics; 3 FCM; Alaska; aquaculture; quality; conflict

Abstract: In this paper, Pinkerton poses two questions. The first is related to the hypothesis that co-management can improve the bargaining position for the fishers, resulting in higher prices for their catch. Based on almost 20 years of experience in enhancement of pink salmon in Prince William Sound, Alaska through the Prince William Sound Aquaculture Corporation (PWSAC), Pinkerton found that co-management resulted in a better bargaining position for fishers. This was related to four factors that lowered risks for fish buyers: high quality, large volume, predictability of supply, and the possibility of dealing with one seller. Gross benefits to Prince William Sound seiners attributable to PWSAC-produced fish were about $18 million or an average of $ 71,600 per seiner. By contrast, a seiner paid an average of only about $3, 000 as a 2% landing tax to support enhancement

The second question posed by Pinkerton was, to what extent has a co-management approach to enhancement succeeded in integrating the traditional capture fisheries with the new culture fisheries? Alaska's hatchery-attributable production of pink salmon was 30% of total production in 1989 and 45% in 1990. PWSAC was the largest single producer of pink salmon in Alaska. The co-management of pink salmon hatcher production not only improved the incomes of all pink salmon seiners, but also helped coordinate traditional capture fisheries and culture fisheries by reducing the conflict over the allocation of enhanced stocks, and wild stocks.

Pinkerton, E. and N. Keitlah. 1990. The Point No Point treaty Council: Innovations by an Inter- Tribal Fisheries Management Cooperative. Univeristy of British Columbia.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; 3 FCBM (-); British Columbia; innovation; planning

Pollnac, R.B. 1993. Research directed at developing local organizations for people's participation in fisheries management. R.S.Pomeroy. (ed.) Community Management and Common Property of Coastal Fisheries in Asia and the Pacific: Concepts, Methods and Experiences. p. 94-106. ICLARM, Manila, Philippines.

Keywords : co-management; organizations; participation; commons; Asia; Pacific; method; 2 FCM; community management; common-property

Pollnac, R.B. 1997. Social and Cultural Characteristics in Small-scale Fishery Development. Michael M.Cernea. (ed.) Putting People First. Sociological Variables in Rural Development. Oxford University Press.

Keywords : co-management; development; rural; 2 FCM

Pomeroy, R.S. 1991. Small-scale Fisheries Management and Development: Towards a Community-Based Approach. Marine Policy.Vol 15. No. 1. pp.39-48.

Keywords : co-management; development; community-based; 3 FCBM

Pomeroy, R.S. 1993. A Research Framework for Coastal Fisheries Co-Management Institutions. ICLARM Quarterly.

Keywords : co-management; institutions; 3 FCM (-)

Pomeroy, R.S. 1994. Traditional Base for Fisheries Development: Revitalizing Traditional Community and Resource Management Systems in Southeast Asia. Traditional Marine and Sustainable of Marine Resources in Asia and the Pacific. International Ocean Institute - South Pacific.

Keywords : co-management; development; Asia; Pacific; 3 FCBM

Pomeroy, R.S. 1994. Proposed study on the management of fisheries/aquatic resource at the local level.

Keywords : co-management; local level; 2 FCBM

Pomeroy, R.S. 1994. Community Management and Common Property of Coastal Fisheries in Asia and the Pacific: Concepts, Methods and Experiences. Proceedings of the Workshop on Community, Management and Common property of Coastal Fisheries and Upland Resources in Asia and the Pacific: Concepts, Methods. Silang, Cavite, Philippines. 21-23 June 1993. ICLARM Contribution No. 1092

Keywords : co-management; commons; Asia; Pacific; method; 2 FCBM; Philippines; community management; common-property; workshop

Pomeroy, R.S. 1995. A Research Framework for Analyzing Fisheries Co-Management Institutions. ICLARM.

Keywords : co-management; institutions; 2 FCM

Pomeroy, R.S. 1995. Revitalizing Community-Based Resource Management Systems in Southeast Asia Through Co-Management. Ocean and Coastal Management.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; Asia; 3 FCBM (-)

Pomeroy, R.S. and F. Berkes. 1997. Two to tango: The role of government in fisheries co-management. ICLARM & University of Manitoba, Manila & Manitoba. Fisheries Co-management Research Project, Reprint Series No. 5, 1997.

Keywords : co-management; governance; policy; project; government

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of government, primarily national government, in fisheries co-management. This paper investigates the critical role of decentralization in a strategy of co-management using a number of international cases. The experiences of co-management and decentralization provide for a number of policy implications to be drawn concerning the role of government.

Pomeroy, R.S. and F. Berkes. 1997. Two to tango: The role of government in fisheries co-management. Marine Policy.Vol. 21, No. 5. pp.464-480.

Keywords : co-management; governance; policy; project; government

Pomeroy, R.S. and M.B. Carlos. 1996. A review and evaluation of community-based coastal resources management projects in the Philippines, 1984-1994. Research Report.ICLARM, Manila. Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; evaluation; community-based; Philippines; institutions; environment; project

Abstract: Through this study, a systematic review of CBCRM programs and projects in fisheries and coastal resources will allow for the: description of characteristics of programs and projects; analysis of programs and projects over time and space; determination of the major processes, interventions and institutions; determination of the approaches and processes that work best in different environments and conditions and that could be transferred to other coastal communities in the country. By doing this, recommendations can also be made for the improvement and refinement of CBCRM programs and projects in the future.

Pomeroy, R.S. and M.B. Carlos. 1997. Community-based coastal resource management in the Philippines: A review and evaluation of programs and projects, 1984-1994. Marine Policy.Vol. 21, No. 5. pp.445-464.

Keywords : co-management; evaluation; community-based; Philippines; institutions; environment; project; policy; local level

Abstract: Between 1984 and 1994, a total of 43 community-based coastal resource management (CBCRM) programs and projects were implemented throughout the Philippines. This paper presents a review and evaluation of these programs and projects, which provide a wealth of experience and "lessons learned" to guide the design and implementation of CBCRM policy and local-level initiatives. A range of institutions and processes are identified for the implementation of programs and projects and specific interventions. Policy implications for CBCRM are presented.

Pomeroy, R.S. and M.B. Carlos. 1997. Community-based coastal resource management in the Philippines: A review and evaluation of programs and projects, 1984-1994. Reprint.ICLARM, Manila. Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; evaluation; community-based; Philippines; institutions; environment; project; policy; local level

Pomeroy, R.S. and M.D. Pido. 1995. Initiatives towards fisheries co-management in the Philippines. The case of San Miguel Bay. Marine Policy.Vol. 19. No. 3. pp.213-226.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCM; Consultative; San Miguel; Philippines; Asia

Abstract: The future success of fisheries management in the Philippines may lie in a form of co-management involving a partnership whereby authority and responsibility for fisheries management is shared between various levels of government and the local fishing community. This paper examines initiatives towards such an ararangement by using the case of San Miguel Bay, a key fishing ground which has been well studied over the last 15 years.

Pomeroy, R.S. et al. 1996. Impact evaluation of community-based coastal resource management projects in the Philippines. Research Report. p.1ICLARM, Manila. Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; Philippines; evaluation; community-based; project; participation; organizations; strategy; methodology; General; Visayas; Palawan; Honda Bay; method; commons; collective action; empowerment; enforcement; development; household; conservation; growth

Abstract: Recognizing the need to decentralize the management of coastal resources to local governments and resource users and to increase the participation of resource users in management, a number of locally- and foreign-funded projects were initiated by government and non-governmental organizations (NGOS) and others beginning in the early 1980's across the Philippines. These projects employed strategies of community-based management and co-management. During the period 1984 to 1994, over 100 community-based coastal resource management (CBCRM) projects (targeting fisheries, mangroves and coral reef resources) were implemented in the Philippines.

These CBCRM projects provide a vast pool of untapped information which can be analyzed to gain increased knowledge about variables and conditions for the successful planning and implementation of CBCRM. To date, there has been no comprehensive quantitative evaluation of these projects. While project evaluations were undertaken by project staff and consultants for many of the individual projects, no comparative evaluation of the CBCRM projects using a standardized methodology has been done.

The conduct of this review and evaluation study is to provide a critical assessment of the implementation, impact and performance of completed CBCRM projects to serve as a basis for improving planning and implementation of new CBCRM projects in the Philippines. The specific objectives of the study are: (1) to evaluate and assess the implementation, impacts and performance of selected CBCRM projects in the Philippines; and (2) to identify general principles and propositions which facilitate successful implementation of CBCRM projects.

Nine study sites were selected in the Central Visayas and Palawan. These two regions were selected for study since they would be the location of the new USAID Coastal Resources Management Project to be started in early 1996. Specific selection criteria were used for study site selection. The nine sites selected were the Central Visayas Regional Project-1 covering Badian and Ronda, Cebu and Ayungon, Negros Oriental; Coastal Environmental Program in Ulugan Bay, Puerto Princesa, Palawan, and Honda Bay Resource Management Project, Manalo, Puerto Princesa, Palawan. One "successful" and one "less successful" site was selected from each of the municipalities and/or projects except for Honda Bay where only one site was studied. The classification was based on implementation and sustainability of project material and organizational interventions evaluated by project staff.

Since the primary goal of this study was to determine factors influencing the success and sustainability of CBCRM projects, the issue of cross-project comparability of evaluation methods is significant. It was necessary to have common operational defintions of CBCRM project success, as well as factors associated with success, to conduct this type of analysis. To accomplish this, a baseline-independent technique for impact assessment was developed and used. This resulted in a standardized methodology which could be applied to other CBCRM project impact assessments. Such comparability will facilitate quantitative analyses of variables impacting CBCRM project success.

Several important lessons have been learned, or confirmed, by the analysis of the nine CBCRM projects. Evaluations of project success by project staff and beneficiaries vary because they may use different criteria. Early and continuous participation of project beneficiaries in project planning and implementation is related to their positive evaluation of impacts. Positive cultural attitudes toward the efficacy of collective action were consistently related to perceptions of positive change. Mobilizing people for collective action is a time-consuming process that requires the presence of committed, competent and people-oriented project personnel and shared understanding of project objectives by both the cooperators and the project personnel. Capability-building efforts enhance the perception of empowerment and sense of confidence of project cooperators to undertake new tasks and to meet current and future challenges. Project cooperators, as well as non-cooperators, perceive positive changes in the impact indicators, with little difference between the two groups, indicating the "spread-effect" of the project and the importance of early, open involvement of all community members in the project. User rights to material interventions must be specified and enforced; leading to a much greater chance that the intervention will be maintained. Government support through legislation, funding and enforcement is crucial to sustaining the interventions. The data indicate that fishers like their occupation and would not necessarily change to another job, suggesting that the development of supplemental, rather than alternative, occupations may be the most effective strategy. Project interventions should build on the already existing occupational multiplicity of most fishers and fishing households.

Several important limitations of the study should be highlighted. The study cannot claim to be a complete or exhaustive evaluation of CBCRM projects in 'the Philippines. It evaluates only a small sample of the total number of CBCRM projects in the country. The evaluation was conducted without a control, and evaluations of natural resource conservation projects need a control, especially when evaluations of the resource are involved. It is possible that perceived improvement of the resource is either the result of the project or some non-project factor such as a change in oceanographic conditions which facilitate fish reproduction and/or growth. Likewise, improvement of household well-being could either be the result of the project or some unrecognized improvements in community participation, influence, and self-esteem; but would these improvements if the resource continued on its downward slide to disaster? Finally, it is possible occur that positive evaluations were nothing more than false praise administered by respondents with the hope that a new project will come their way with benefits for all.

Pomeroy, R.S. et al. 1994. Fisheries co-management. A Worldwide, collaborative research project.ICLARM & The North Sea Center, Manila & Hirtshals. Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; project; 2 FCM; economics; trade

Pomeroy, R.S. and M.J. Williams. 1994. Fisheries Co-Management: A Policy Brief.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCM; 3 FCM (-); policy

Abstract: This policy brief addresses some of the issues and options available, arguing that recent lessons point to potential benefits in some fisheries from management partnership between the government and local fisheries and communities- fisheries co-management.

Price, M.F. 1990. Forest Use and Regulation around a Swiss Alpine Community.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 1 CBM (-); regulation; common-property

Quirolo, D. 1994. Reef Mooring Buoys and Reef Conservation in the Florida Keys: A Community and NGO Approach. Collaborative and Community-Based Management of Coral Reefs: Lessons from Experience. Kumarian Press, Inc.

Keywords : co-management; conservation; community-based; 3 FCBM (-); coral reef

Regal, J. 1993. Grassroots Initiatives in CRM - Pilotting a Resource Management Council (RMC) in Pasacao, Camarines Norte. Our Seas, Our Life. Voluntary Services Overseas.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CBM (-)

Regier, H.A. and J. Christie. 1991. Integration of Native Peoples into Fishery Management Processes in the Great Lakes.

Keywords : co-management; commons; Canada; 3 FCM (-); common-property

Regier, H.A. et al. 1989. Reforming the Use of Natural Resources. Fikret Berkes. (ed.) Common Property Resources: Ecology and Community-Based Sustainable Development. p. 110-26. Belhaven Press, London.

Keywords : co-management; commons; community-based; 2 FCM; development; sustainable development; common-property

Renard, Y. 1990. Management of the Environment, Popular Participation and Community Responsibility.

Keywords : co-management; environment; popular; participation; Caribbean; 1 CM (-)

Renard, Y. 1991. Institutional Challenges for Community-Based Management in the Caribbean. Nature & Resources.Vol. 27, No. 4. pp.4-9.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; Caribbean; 1 CBM

Renard, Y. 1991. Popular Participation and Community Responsibility in Natural Resource Management: A Case from St. Lucia, West Indies.

Keywords : co-management; popular; participation; commons; Canada; 1 CM (-); workshop; common-property

Renard, Y. 1994. Community participation in St. Lucia. Community & the Environment. Lessons from the Caribbean. pp.1-13.

Keywords : co-management; St.Lucia; Caribbean; community-based; community management; participation

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. 1996.Act 108 of 1996.Abstract: The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. As adopted on 8 May 1996 and amanded on 11 October 1996 by the Constitutional Assembly.ifm.

Rettig, B.R. et al. 1989. The Future of Fisheries Co-Management: A Multi-Disciplinary Assessment. Pinkerton, E. (ed.) Co-Operative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Management and Community Development. p. 273-89. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; development; 2 FCM; property rights; regulation

Abstract: The paper describes the evolution of fishery management literature and the evolution of property rights. As standard fishery regulations are subject to increasing amounts of criticism, both governments and users are looking for new approaches. Co-management is considered on possibility. The possibiliby of learning from aboriginal management is also explored. The future of co-management is discussed. It is concluded that co-management is its purest sense of cooperative management has limited scope but that the opportunities to improve fisheries management through some form of co-management are great.

Richardson, M. and B. Green. 1989. The Fisheries Co-Management Initiative in Haida Gwaii. Pinkerton, E. (ed.) Co-Operative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Management and Community Development. p. 249-61. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; development; 3 FCM; North America; environment; Canada; Haida Gwaii

Abstract: Haida Gwaii, including the marine environment and resources, is a territory in dispute between the Haida nation and Canada. This dispute is based on rightful title to Haida Gwaii. The land, seas, and resources of Haida Gwaii have suffered increasing irreparable harm. The co-management proposal discussed in this chapter was put forward over four years ago as an experimental, co-operative approach to solving some of the problems in management of the marine resources of Haida Gwaii, without prejudice to the underlying title dispute. After two years and more political gamesmanship by the goverment of Canada, it was withdrawn. The Council of the Haida Nation has stated its willingness to further pursue this co-management approach on mutually acceptable terms.

Rivera, R.A. 1995. Advancing Coastal Resource Management Through Community Research Development and Planning.

Keywords : co-management; development; 2 FCM; project; community-based; socio-economic; local level; effort; poverty; conservation; empowerment; Tambuyog; planning

Abstract: In 1992, Tambuyog Development Centre implemented a research project called "A Comprehensive Research Towards Community-Based Coastal Resource Management". It was a three-year project upon which Tambuyog drew much of its CBCRM experience. During this period, Tambuyog's approach was to establish partnerships with local NGOs in coastal communities and subsequently, to involve them in the entire research process. The major limiting factor with this approach was Tambuyog's indirect hand and non-control over what happens after the research. The "action" component was supposed to be the primary task of Tambuyog's local partners. However, an interplay of several factors affect the operationalization of community plans. These include the meager financial and human resources of local NGOs and the often fragile and active socio-economic and political configuration at the local level. In the final analysis, research efforts alone, albeit responding to short-term and immediate community needs, cannot effectively result to a more meaningful and strategic area development program.

These years of direct community work, though limited in vision and community impact, are nonetheless not without lessons and insights. For one, the researches clearly showed the vicious cycle of poverty and resource degradation in coastal communities and for another, they showed that the marginalization of these communities are brought about by iniquitous power and property relations. Yet more clearly, Tambuyog realized that marginalized communities, having the biggest stake in coastal resources, are potentially the best resource managers. Thus, effort towards the sustainable use of resources, ecological balance, biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation should be grounded on the empowerment of coastal communities to have access and control over these resources.

Within this context, Tambuyog seeks to intervene in a comprehensive and integrated fashion through its core program called the Sustainable Coastal Area Development (SCAD).

Robinson, D. 1995. Commercial Fisheries in Kodiak, Alaska: Changing Relationships to Maritime Resources in Old Harbor.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 2 FCM; Bod? '95; Alaska; common-property

Ruddle, K. 1984. Maritime Institutions in the Western Pacific. Ruddle, K. and Tomoya Akimichi. (eds.) National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka, Japan.

Keywords : co-management; institutions; Pacific; 2 FCBM (-)

Ruddle, K. 1985. The Continuity of Traditional Management Practices: The Case of Japanese Coastal Fisheries. Ruddle, K. and R.E. Johannes (eds.) Traditional Knowledge and Management of Coastal Systems in Asia and the Pacific. p. 157-79. UNESCO, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Keywords : co-management; Asia; Pacific; 3 FCBM (-); developing world; development; model; commons; overfishing; organisation; economics

Abstract: Most small-scale fishing communities in the developing world are relatively impoverished. Further, most development plans aimed at them are based on Western concepts and models, with their central notion that marine resources are common property. This free-for-all approach has not infrequently resulted in cut-throat competition and over-fishing and has prompted the design of licensing schemes to limit entry into defined fisheries. This paper examines the alternative model of essentially village-based control provided by the Japanese system of small-scale fisheries organisation and management. Although not without its own problems, this system, based on deep historical roots, serves to ensure equitable access by small-scale operators to both fisheries and economic opportunity.

Ruddle, K. 1987. Administration and conflict management in Japanese coastal fisheries. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 273.Y1 1987.

Keywords : co-management; conflict; 3 FCBM; Asia; Japan; status; General; regulation; method

Abstract: Japanese coastal fishermen have legally-guaranteed equitable access to and 'ownership" of the living aquatic resources of coastal waters, through an elaborate fisheries rights system. In Japan, no conceptual distinction exists between land holdings and land tenure and sea holdings, or sea tenure, and fisheries enjoy a legal status equal to that of land ownership. Sea tenure in Japanese coastal.fisheries is a complex subject that is little known in the West. It involves time-honoured customary procedures for management and conflict resolution which have been incorporated into modern legislation. The Introduction reviews selected aspects of the general behavior context within which the administration of Japanese fisheries and the resolution of conflicts should be viewed. Since the degree of continuity with traditional management practises is an outstanding characteristic, Chapter I describes and provides examples of the historical antecedents of the present situation. Present day formal administration is described in Chapter 2. Systems of coastal sea tenure reflect an intimate interplay of formal government regulations and informal customary elements.The latter are commonly of greater day-to-day importance than the former. In Chapters 3 and 4 this is examined through the problems of conflict management and resolution, proceeding from the personal and small-scale level to the impersonal prefectural and national levels. In Japan the most frequent, effective and culturally legitimate methods employed to manage and resolve conflict are informal and personal. These are operationalized via small group discussion, verbal communication and the use of go-betweens. Such mechanisms, which ensure that a conflict remains localised and centred directly on the contending, are employed not only to manage conflicts between fishermen but also in highly formal situations such as arise in the judicial process. Failure to adhere to such a process invariably means that conflict becomes entrenched and impossible to solve.

Ruddle, K. 1987. Administration and conflict management in Japanese coastal fisheries. FAO

Keywords : co-management; conflict; 3 FCBM

Ruddle, K. 1989. The Organization of Traditional Inshore Fishery Management Systems in the Pacific. Neher, P.A. et al, (eds.) Rights Based Fishing. p. 73-85. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

Keywords : co-management; organizations; Pacific; 3 FCBM

Ruddle, K. 1989. Solving the Common-Property Dilemma: Village Fisheries Rights in Japanese Coastal Waters. Fikret Berkes. (ed.) Common Property Resources. p. 168-84. Belhaven Press, London.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 3 FCBM; Asia; common-property

Ruddle, K. 1989. Traditional Sole Property Rights and Modern Inshore Fisheries Management in the Pacific Basin. Campbell, H. et al, (eds.) Economics of Fishery Management in the Pacific Islands Region. p. 68-76. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra.

Keywords : co-management; property rights; Pacific; economics; 3 FCBM; state; Japan

Abstract: Among management schemes for coastal fisheries, those based on sole ownership concepts have been relatively little studied. The concept has been applied most widely in the Pacific Basin, where it ranges from sole quasi-ownership of specific localised sites, or other factors, by individuals, families, clans, or other small social groups, to the complex, tradition-based modern state legal system of Japan. This paper examines the main characteristics of fishing territories, fishing rights and controls in sole ownership sytems of fisheries management in parts of the Pacific Basin. An outline agenda of research on sole property rights-based fishery management systems is provided.

Ruddle, K. 1994. Traditional Marine Tenure in the 90s. Traditional Marine Tenure and Sustainable Management of Marine Resources in Asia and the Pacific. International Ocean Institute- South Pacific, University of South Pacific.

Keywords : co-management; Asia; Pacific; 3 FCBM (-)

Ruddle, K. 1994. External Forces and Change in Traditional Community-Based Fishery Management Systems in the Asia-Pacific Region. Maritime Anthropological Studies.Vol. 6. Nos. 1-2.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; 3 FCBM

Ruddle, K. 1994. A guide to the literature on traditional community-based fishery management in the Asia-Pacific tropics. p.1Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; Japan

Ruddle, K. 1995. Back to first principles: Clearly defined boundaries.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 2 FCM; Bod? '95; common-property

Ruddle, K. 1995. A guide to the literature on traditional community-based fishery management in Fiji. Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge - Information Bulletin. No. 5. pp.2-6.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; Cooperative; Pacific

Abstract: The article updates of the information on Fiji published in Ruddle, K. "A guide to the literature on traditional community-based fishery management in the Asia-Pacific tropics", FAO Fisheries Circular No. 869. The revisions are based on several recent publications. The article discusses fishing rights areas, boundaries, acquisition and transfer of rights, traditional fisheries management and the dual system of fisheries management.

Ruddle, K. and T. Akimichi. 1987. Sea Tenure in Japan and the Southwestern Ryukyus. John C.Cordell. (ed.) A Sea of Small Boats: Customary Law and Territoriality in the World of Inshore Fishing. Cultural Survival, Cambridge, MA.

Keywords : co-management; law; 3 FCBM; Japan

Sajise, P.E. 1995. Community-Based Resource Management in the Philippines: Perspectives and Experiences.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; Philippines; theory; Vietnam; 1 CBM

Samina, Z. and E. Worby. 1990. Nagashini Beel: A Case Study of the Transformation of a Common Property Aquatic Resource. ICLARM

Keywords : co-management; case study; commons; 3 FCM; common-property

SAMUDRA. 1997. South Africa. A marine fisheries policy. The White Paper on South African fisheries, released on 19 June, spells out the following management policy objectives. SAMUDRA. No. 18. pp.41-45.

Keywords : co-management; White Paper; South Africa; Africa; akn; policy

Sandalo, A.C. et al. 1996. The management system of marine fisheries and other coastal resources in Palawan, Philippines: Concepts, experiences and lessons. Pido, M. et al, (eds.) ICLARM & The Palawan Council fro Sustainable Development Staff Philippines. Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; Palawan; Philippines

Abstract: The Forum on Co-management of Marine Fisheries and Other Coastal Resources in Palawan, Philippines, captures various CBRM experiences across the province, inclusive of the initiatives of government and non-government sectors. It underscores the delineation of management responsibility among the participating organisations and the translation of concepts into actural activities to operationally define the organisational and institutional arrangements for co-management systems. It also provides insight into the implications for future interventions, primarily in the areas of direct public investment/involvement, incentives/regulations, and collaborative institutional arrangements.

Sandalo, R.M. 1993. Community-based coastal resources management: the Palawan experience. R.S.Pomeroy. (ed.) Community Management and Common Property of Coastal Fisheries in Asia and the Pacific: Concepts, Methods and Experiences. p. 165-81. ICLARM, Manila, Philippines.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; Palawan; commons; Asia; Pacific; method; 3 FCBM; community management; common-property

Sandalo, R.M. and M.P. Dygico. 1993. Community-Based Coastal Resource Management: The Palawan Experience.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; Palawan; 3 FCBM

Sandersen, H.T. 1994. Kommunikative design av lokale ressursforvaltningsorgan?

Keywords : indsats; effort; co-management; Norway; legitimacy

Abstract: Den sekalte allmenningsdebatten har frembrakt en rekke perspektiver og poenger som har v?rt nyttige i forhold til de styrings- og forvaltningsproblemene som gj?r seg gjeldende i utnyttelsen av biologiske fellesressurser. En forvaltningsmodell som har i seg en rekke av disse er "co-management"-modellen. Denne modellen fors?ker e forene hierarki og sosial integrasjon som styrings- og koordineringsmekanisme. Mye taler for at denne modellen kan gi viktige bidrag til den norske fiskeridebatten. I dette notatet presenteres modellen, og videre reises spr?smelet om denne modellen kan suppleres, utvikles og utdypes gjennom innsikter hentet fra teorien om kommunikative handling. Det legges s?rlig vekt pe sp?rsmel om legitimitet, representasjon, geografisk nive og ?kologisk b?rekraft.

Sandersen, H.T. 1995. Co-management in Caribbean Fisheries? - The case of St. Lucia.

Keywords : co-management; Caribbean; St.Lucia; commons; 3 FCM; organisation; institutions; common-property

Abstract: This paper addresses some problems and dilemmas connected to the use of existing organisations or institutions for user groups involvement of co-management purposes. Three types of institutions are investigated for St. Lucia. The first one examines the possibiltiy of vesting management responsibility in the existing fishery cooperatives on the island. The second one assesses the extent to which NGOs can play a role in co-management and the third investigates the possibilties and requirements of local government as a co-manager in the sector.

Satia, B.P. 1990. Rethinking Fisheries Management Strategies in CECAF/IDAF Region. FAO. pp.1-8.

Keywords : co-management; development; West Africa; Africa; 3 FCM; artisanal; local level; strategy; state; food security; economics; case study; Benin

Abstract: Fisheries management often is assumed to be a governmental responsibility. Over the last 4 decades many countries of the CECAF/IDAF region have increased the role of national government in managing fisheries. The role of local level control through traditional management strategies has correspondingly diminished. While it is recognized that the state should serve as a guarantor or stock booker for equitable allocation of resources such that the fisheries sector could continue to contribute to food security and economic development both for present and future generations, the effective capacity of government agencies to regulate what goes on in widely scattered fishing grounds is extremely limited. Conventional approaches to management based on central control so far have had only limited success. Under what amounts to open-access conditions, most important fisheries resources are being overexploited. In many instances, artisanal fishers suffer the most either in terms of access to the resource or equity. There is no measurable prospect for these conditions to improve in the short or medium term.

Although there are yet considerable opportunities for improvement in the conventional approaches, alternative techniques also merit examination. This paper articulates the need for a rethinking of fishery management practices in the region. It argues that a dynamic partnership (fishers-state government) approach to resource management should be an important part of the future resource management equation. The positive prospects as well as problems of such a partnership approach to fishery management are presented. Also given is a summary of a case study on the use of a partnership in Benin as well as proposals fo rfuture action.

Satia, B.P. 1995. Identification and promotion of participatory approaches in the management of artisanal fisheries. FAO.

Keywords : co-management; development; West Africa; Africa; 2 FCM; artisanal; participation; project; General

Abstract: The present context of fisheries management in West Africa is described. Considerable opportunities exist for alternative management regimes involving the active participation of fishers and other stakeholders. Advantages of co-management are discussed. The activities of the FAO project in promoting the particpatory approach are described.

Saxena, N.C. 1988. Participatory Planning for Wasteland Development.

Keywords : co-management; development; 1 CM (-); planning

Schlager, E. and E. Ostrom. 1993. Property-Rights Regimes and Natural Resources: A Conceptual Analysis. Terry L.Anderson. and Randy T.Simmons. (eds.) The Political Economy of Customs and Culture: Informal Solutions to the commons problem. p. 13-41. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Keywords : co-management; property rights; commons; 1 CM

Schlager, E. 1990. Model Specification and Policy Analysis: The Governance of Coastal Fisheries. [Doctor of Philosophy.].Indiana University. -247.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM; model; policy; governance; case study; institutional analysis; property rights; rules

Abstract: Coastal fisheries are often governed by institutional arrangements, devised by fishers that limit who can enter fisheries and how harvesting of fish must be conducted. In this dissertation, an analysis and explanation of these institutional arrangement is presented. This explanation is based on data from case studies of thirty different coastal fisheries located throughout the world. Using an institutional analysis approach, the problematic situation fishers confront is examined. These involve problems related to the flows of fish through fishing grounds, or stock externalities; and problems related to the physical space constituting fishing grounds, such as assignment problems and technological externatlities. The types of problematic situations fishers attempt to resolve by cooperating to devise property rights and rules to govern th utilization of their fishing grounds are explained. Fishers typically focus upon governing the physical space of their grounds as opposed to managing the flows of fish. Finally, the performance of different institutional arrangement, and how performance varies depending upon how the arrangements are structured and evaluated. Groups of fishers that possess more complete sets of property in their fishing grounds, and who have devised rules defining the harvesting actions they can take, typically achieve superior outcomes to those fishers who do not have as well defined institutional arrangements.

Scholz, U.F. et al. 1997. Status and prospects of participatory fisheries management programmes in Malawi.

Keywords : co-management; Malawi; fishing industry; artisanal; policy; law; aquaculture; development; project; participation; commons; case study; appraisal; Southern Africa; Lake Malawi; Lake Chilwa; Lake Malombe; Lake Chiuta; status; inland fisheries; Bangladesh

Abstract: Malawi, a landlocked country in Southern Africa has developed a remarkable fishing industry as 20% of the surface area is covered by water. The highest landings comprised 88.000 tons in 1987 but dropped to 67.000 in 1993, mainly landed at Lakes Malawi, Chilwa, Malombe and Chiuta. Next to supply of fish as major protein source for the population, the fishing industry creates direct employment for approx. 40.000 people and for approx. 20.000 people in secondary sectors. The paper gives an overview on trends in the fishing industry, including commercial and artisanal landings, species taken and gear used. A special emphasis is laid on the national fishery policy and the status of fisheries legislation. Despite a clear legal situation and explicit fisheries laws (e.g. minimum takeable sizes of fish, closed seasons etc.), the approach of a centralised management can be seen as failed. The participatory fish stock management programme (PFMP) was launched in 1993 and is jointly implemented by German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) and Fisheries Department under the framework of the Malawi-German Fisheries and Aquaculture Development Project, MAGFAD. The paper gives an overview of experiences and the set-up of the programme, in detail co-operation with user groups (Beach Village Committees), income generating activities, a credit scheme and the extension approach, in particular a fisheries radio programme, produced and presented by the Malawi Broadcasting Corporation. In conjunction with PFMP, amendments of the Fisheries Act were made and gazetted in June 1996. Further amendments concerning community participation and the legal status of the user groups were draftet in February 1997. An initiative concerning a common national approach was launched by the project and includes co-operation with the Department of National Parks and Wildlife and the Department of Forestry which are at present also implementing similar programmes in Malawi. Concerning fisheries co-management programmes, selected case studies from Lake Malome, Lake Chilwa and Lake Chiuta are presented. Further information is given on the fishery at Mbenji Island (Lake Malwi), a unique traditional fisheries management scheme which is implemented since 45 years by Chief Msosa, his elders and a local fisheries committee. Based on the results achieved in the current regional project, a national implementation the PFMP is at present in the appraisal phase, details of the proposed multi-sectoral "National Aquatic Resource Management Programme" are presented.

Schreiber, G. and I. Hill. 1993. Promoting Community-Based Natural Resource Management - A Pilot Approach under the Environment Project in Ghana. Entwicklung + Ldndlicher Raum 2/93.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; environment; project; 1 FCBM; Ghana

Scott, W.R. 1995. Institutions and organizations. Foundations for organizational science. First. SAGE Publications Thousand Oaks

Keywords : akn; institutions; theory; organizations; co-management; institutional analysis; economics

Abstract: Overview of the institutionalist approach to organization theory. Historical overview of the theoretical literature, integrative analysis of current institutional approaches, review of empirical research related to institutions and organizations. Review and critique of institutional analysis in sociology, political science and economics as it relates to recent theory and research on organizations.

Sen, D. et al. 1985. Peoples Participation in Farm Forestry: A Case Study in West Bengal. Journal of Rural Development.4. 4. pp.441-481.

Keywords : co-management; participation; case study; 1 CM (-)

Sen, S. and J.R. Nielsen. 1996. Fisheries co-management: a comparative analysis. Marine Policy.Vol. 20. No. 5. pp.405-418.

Keyword : co-management

Seymour, F.J. and D. Rutherford. 1990. Joint Management Agreements in Asian Social Forestry Programs.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 1 CM (-); common-property

Sharma, I. 1991. Myopic View, Vested Interest, Underdevelopment: Case of Public Management of Ground Water Resources in Bihar.

Keywords : co-management; commons; Canada; 1 CBM (-); common-property

Shingi, P.M. and Sanjay Wadwalker. 1981. People's Participation in Social Forestry: Some Propositions. Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad.

Keywords : co-management; participation; 1 CM (-)

Short, K.M. 1987. Self-Management of Fishing Rights by Japanese Cooperative Associations: A Case Study from Hokkaido. John C.Cordell. (ed.) A Sea of Small Boats: Customary Law and Territoriality in the World of Inshore Fishing. Cultural Survival, Cambridge, MA.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; case study; law; 3 FCBM

Siar, S.U. 1991. Acceptability of Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries: Towards Fisherfolk Participation in Fisheries Management.

Keywords : co-management; participation; commons; Canada; 2 FCM (-); common-property

Singh, K. 1991. People's Participation in Managing Common Pool Resources: Lessons of Success in India.

Keywords : co-management; participation; commons; India; Canada; 1 CM (-); common-property

Singh, K.K. and A.A. Firdausi. 1987. Community Management of Irrigation: The Phad System of Maharashtra, A Case Study.

Keywords : co-management; case study; participation; rural; development; India; 1 CBM (-); policy; agriculture; community management; workshop

Siy, R.Y.J. 1986. Averting the Bureaucratization of a Community-Managed Resource- The Case of the Zanjeras. Community Management, Asien Experience and Perspectives. Kumarian Press.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CM; community-based; community management

Smith, A. and F. Berkes. 1993. Community-Based Use of Mangrove Resource in St. Lucia. International Journal for Environmental Studies.Vol. 43. pp.123-131.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CBM (-); conservation; project; organizations; community-based; St.Lucia; Caribbean; mangrove

Abstract: The sustainable use of mangrove forests can effectively contribute to their conservation. The experience with an integrated conservation-development project in St. Lucia showed that charcoal producers using mangrove fuelwood resources in a marine Reserva Area have successfully changed their harvesting practices, reversing a trend on mangrove destruction. The conditions under which this change occurred included strengthening the organization of local users and their resource-use rights, and building a community-based management system, leading to the avoidance of open-access conditions. Surveys of the mangrove, undertaken before and after management intervention, showed that while the mean stand diameter of the fuelwood treed did not change significantly, there was an increase in the density of stems and in total basal area of timber.

Smith, A.H. and F. Berkes. 1990. Solutions to the 'Tragedy of the Commons': Sea Urchin Management in St. Lucia, West Indies.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 3 FCBM; tragedy of the commons; common-property

Smith, A.H. and T.v. Hof. 1991. Coral Reef Monitoring For Management of Marine Parks: Cases From The Insular Caribbean.

Keywords : co-management; Caribbean; commons; Canada; 3 FCM; coral reef; workshop; common-property

Smith, A.H. and R. Walters. 1991. Co-management of the White Sea Urchin Resource in St. Lucia.

Keywords : co-management; commons; Canada; Caribbean; 3 FCM; workshop; common-property

Smith, A.H. 1994. Community Involvement in Coral Reef Monitoring for Management in the Insular Caribbean. White, A.T. et al, (eds.) Collaborative and Community-Based Management of Coral Reefs: Lessons from Experience. 4, p. 59-67. Kumarian Press, Hartford, Connecticut.

Keywords : co-management; Caribbean; community-based; 3 FCBM (-); coral reef

Smith, A.H. and Y. Renard. 1994. A Collaborative Approach to Monitoring Caribbean Reefs. Community & the Environment. Lessons from the Caribbean. Number Three. pp.1-9.

Keywords : co-management; Caribbean; 2 FCM; Cooperative; tourism; participation; conservation

Abstract: In the Caribbean, the importance of reefs as a foreign exchange earner is demonstrated by the scale of diving tourism. However, degradation of reefs is widespread in the Caribbean. The paper describes the monitoring progamme of reefs in St. Lucia carried out in collaboration with the local diving operators. Various user groups were involved in the management process through the monitoring programme. Their participation has increased their commitment to conservation and management.

Smith, A.H. and R. Walters. 1991. Co-management of the White Sea Urchin Resource in St. Lucia. Caribbean Natural Resources Institute.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 3 FCM; Consultative; Caribbean; Canada; St.Lucia; workshop; development; strategy; common-property

Abstract: This paper reviews the development and management strategy for the exploitation of the white spiny sea urchin on St. Lucia. The strategy was developed in response to continued overharvesting which resulted in the closure of the fishery to allow the recovery of the stock. Co-management takes the form of users being consulted by government.

Smith, I.R. 1979. Traditional Fisheries Development in the Philippines. ICLARM Newsletter. July.

Keywords : co-management; development; Philippines; 3 FCBM

Smith, I.R. and D. Pauly. 1983. Small-Scale Fisheries of San Miguel Bay, Philippines. Resolving Multigear Competition in Nearshore Fisheries. ICLARM Newsletter.6. 4, October. pp.11-18.

Keywords : co-management; Philippines; 3 FCM; San Miguel

Smith, I.R. et al. 1983. Small-scale fisheries of San Miguel Bay, Philippines: options for management and research. ICLARM (ed.) ICLARM Technical Reports. Institute of Fisheries Development and Research, College of Fisheries, University of the Philippines in Visayas; ICLARM, The United Nations University, Quezon City, Philippines; Manila; Tokyo. 11. pp.1-80.

Keywords : co-management; San Miguel; Philippines

Smith, R. 1979. "A Research Framework For Traditional Fisheries.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCM

Sowman, M. et al. 1997. An analysis of emerging co-management arrangements for the Olifants River harder fishery, South Africa. Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; Olifants River; harder; South Africa; Africa; project

Steins, N. 1995. Securing access to the sea: The creation of an "artificial common property resource".

Keywords : co-management; commons; rural; development; Netherlands; strategy; shellfish; Cooperative; socioeconomic; institutions; common-property

Abstract: A strategy for a group of people who fear that future access to a common resource is endangered, is to create an 'artificial common property' within this resource. The question is whether this strategy forms a sound basis for the sustainable management of this new property and, on its turn, the management of the larger resource.

In Connemara, Ireland, a group of fishermen felt that the expansion of finfish farms in the local bay resulted in a decreasing catch and an increased number of restricted areas. They initiated a shellfish farming co-operative under the guise of expanding the fishing season and providing the area with employment opportunities through revitalizing the bay's derelict oyster beds. Shareholders' rights on dredging permits are based on a yearly 'voluntary labour' obligation.

The establishment of this co-operative can be considered as a strategic action. Once the necessary licenses had been obtained and access to part of the sea had been secured many shareholders chucked it. More than two third of them have become free-riders. The necessary work at the oyster resource has been done through a govemment-sponsored social employment scheme. Shareholders' willingness to sustain the oyster resource has been influenced by (a) conflicting individual interests, (b) the (still) relatively unimportant position the co-op has in the community's socioeconomic structure, aggravated by opportunity costs in other areas and the four years' waiting period between labour contributions and first uncertain rewards; (c) the institutionalised reluctance to sanction freeriders; (d) lack of back-up from social coercion mechanisms in community; and (e) external institutions prepared to support the co-op 'in the name of development' but whose well-intended interventions stimulated a reverse process.

The fishermen may have 'saved' their bay from the finfish farms, but the future of the revitalized oyster resource is uncertain.

Stollery, K.R. 1988. Cooperatives as an Alternative to Regulation in Commercial Fisheries. Marine Resource Economics.Vol. 4. pp.289-304.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM; North America; regulation; property rights; Cooperative; conservation; policy; processing; Pacific; halibut

Abstract: The problem of fisheries regulation is essentially one of assigning property rights to a scarce resource. This paper investigates the effects of the establishment of a fisher cooperative as an alternative to limited-entry licensing of a fishery, in effect transferring the property rights to the managers of the cooperative. The consequences of this for resource conservation are found to depend on the cooperative management policy. While identical to that of a competitive fishery, a cooperative that limits entry in order to maximize the existing members' share tends to overconserve the resource relative to optimum fishing and processing and produce at excess cost in both sectors. The intermediate case of a cooperative that charges an entry fee may either overconserve or underconserve the stock. The results are illustrated by means of a simulation employing parameters from the Pacific halibut fishery.

Storper, M. and B. Harrison. 1991. Flexibility, hierarchy and regional development: The Changing structure og industrial production systems and their forms of governance in the 1990s. Research Policy.20. pp.407-422.

Keywords : co-management; development; 1 CM; governance

Su?rez, J.L.P. 1990. Administrative Involvement In Fisheries Management in The Autonomous Regions of The Azores, Madera and Canary Islands.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCM; General; Azores; Madeira; Canary Islands; Portugal

Abstract: The management competences of two Portuguese Autonomous regions are described within the political and administrative structure of the country. A comparison is made with the Canary Islands. Although there are a number of commonalities, the extent of their competences in marine issues differ. These differences are analysed.

Susilowati, I. 1996. A review of natural resource laws and policies in Indonesia and its prospect for fisheries co-management.Asian Fisheries Social Science Research Network, ICLARM Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; law; Indonesia; policy; Bali; sasi; community-based; participation; commons

Abstract: In the sixth five-year plan (1994-1995) the Government of Indonesia is starting to decentralize the management of natural resources to lower level authorities. This devolvement of management is seen in the case of forestry and irrigation but may not in fisheries. The successful system of ideal level resource management is mostly adopted from the traditional system, such as: subak irrigation in Bali, tumpangsari system in forestry, and sasi system in Molluscas for fisheries. However, in fisheries the traditional system of community based resource management is hardly legalized at the national level by the government. In fact, this community-based management system may result in better participation of local people to maintain the resource. Co-management as an approach for managing the common property resource like fisheries has been paid much attention by researchers, institutional donor and policy makers, but implementation at the national level will depend on the extent to which local laws and policies facilitate this management approach.

Sutinen, J.G. et al. 1990. Measuring and Explaining Noncompliance in Federally Managed Fisheries. Ocean Development and International Law.Volume 21. pp.335-372.

Keywords : co-management; UK; 2 FCM

Symes, D. 1995. Devolved and regional management systems for fisheries. School of Geography and Earth Resources, University of Hull and CEMARE, University of Portsmouth.

Keywords : co-management; 2 - 3 FCM; Europe; project; organisation; Denmark; Norway; Spain; UK; PO; Netherlands; policy; participation; commons; institution; state; EU; institutions

Abstract: The document forms the Final Report on the research undertaken under the AIR Project "Devolved and Regional Management Systems in Fisheries". The report explores opportunities for strengthening the role of fishermen's organisations in fisheries management through an analysis of the potentials for devolved management in Denmark, Norway, Spain and the UK and a study of the roles of producers organisations (POs) in France, the Netherlands and the UK. The report identifies an urgent need to bridge the gaps between regulators and resoure users by restructuring the institutional frameworks to allow closer integration of fishermen's organisations within the policy making process. There are significant differences in Scandinavian "Participation economies" and the more bureaucratic policy systems of Britain and France. Opportunities and constraints of devolved management are discussed. The study found that POs as a common EC institution have developed both functionally and structurally in different ways in the three Member States in large part because of their roles in national fisheries management systems. A systematic delegation of resource management responsibility throughout the EU could incorporate the assigning of fishing rights to POs. However, significant practical problems exist because of non-membership and collective use rights could have unforeseen consequences for POs as institutions.

Symes, D. and K. Crean. 1997. Regional Self Management: towards a social responsible fisheries policy? The University of Hull.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCBM; policy; commons; economics; development; welfare; property rights; producer organisations; organisation

Abstract: The 1991 Review of the Common Fisheries Policy draws attention to the insufficient concern for social parameters' evident in the existing policy but appears to argue for the solution to social issues mainly through the creation of separate social programmes for fishery dependent areas. Those areas are frequently correlated with regions of economic disadvantage in which specific regional development programmes are already operating. It is clear that the restructuring of the Community's fleets to reduce overcapacity in fishing effort will cause considerable hardship. While acknowledging the need for emergency social welfare means during a period of policy transition, it is our contention that social goals should he intemalised within fisheries management systems. The principle of social equity is linked to the definition of property rights and this can best be sustained under conditions of territorial use tights mediated through a system of regional self-management and where regional preference in the allocation of rights prevails.

This paper will attempt to define the social goals of fisheries management, review the implications for social equity of different property rights systems and explore the institutional requirements for a socially responsible fisheries policy. The potential for Producer Organisations inter alia to fulfil such requirements in the context of a revised Common Fisheries Policy will be examined.

Taylor, L. 1987. The River Would Run Red With Blood: Community and Common Property in an Irish Fishing Settlement. Bonnie J.McCay. and James A.Acheson. (eds.) The Question of the Commons: The Culture and Ecology of Communal Resources. p. 290-310. University of Arizona Press Tucson.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 3 FCBM; common-property

Terrant, J. and Hassan Poerbo. 1986. Strengthening Community-Based Technology Management Systems. Community Management, Asien Experience and Perspectives. Kumarian Press.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; 1 CBM; technology; community management

Thong, H.X. et al. 1996. A review of coastal fisheries management strategies and a baseline socio-economic survey of small-scale fishing households and communities in Vietnam.Institute of Fisheries Economics and Planning, Ministry of Fisheries, Vietnam & ICLARM, Manila. Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; socio-economic; household; Vietnam; strategy

Thuok, N. and M. Ahmed. 1994. Role of local fisher communities in the sustainable management of the great lake fisheries. A case study in Kompong Khleang Community, Sot Nikum district, Siem Reap province, Cambodia.

Keywords : co-management; case study; Cambodia; Asia; environment; policy; rural; appraisal; regulation; development

Abstract: The objective of this paper is: 1) to identify the structure of the fisher communities and their practices; 2) to identify the current management system and its consequences; 3) to explore the feedback from the local communities; and 4) to suggest a plan of action for a sustainable management of the Great Lake fisheries and their environment.

The Great Lake, occupying nearly 6% of the country's total area is the single most important fish treasury of Cambodia. Nearly 3 million inhabitants (30% of the total population of the country) reside in six provinces around the lake, of which about 1.086.000 people live in floating villages. The fisher communities rely exclusively on natural fishing and related activities.

The fisheries are divided into fishing lots for large scale fishing and regulated areas for middle and small scale fishing. The fishing lots are auctioned every 2 years for exploitation. In the actual practice, one or two lease holders get right to exploit the same fishing lots for many consecutive lease terms while many thousand of fishers are restricted from access to good fishing ground who continue to over-exploit the already decreased fisheries. The situation has resulted in the illegal fishing and poaching by the fishers. In addition, the inundated forest that serves as a critical ecological input to the productivity of the fisheries are being cut for woods and cleared for agricultural purposes.

Recognizing the decline of the natural fish and wildlife and fearing about the drastic change of the fisheries environment, the local authorities and fisher communites have shown keen interest in restructuring the current management system and the government considers that there is an imperative need in changing the management policy.

As an outcome of participatory rural appraisal technique, the local fisher communities have requested for more access to fishing grounds especially to fishing lot exploitation and propose that they pay the bidding fee to the government collectively and follow the fishing regulation for an environmentally sound fisheries resource management.

The paper concludes that the local authorities and f isher communities can become potential partners in fishers co-managment through empowering them and giving them more reponsibility in the use and management of the resource with the possiblity of integrating rural development programs in resource management practices.

Tiwari, D.N. 1991. Ecological-Economic Consid. in Res. Use Impact Assessm. and Managem. at the Local Level: A Case Study of Nakkhukhda Watershed, Middle Mountains, Nepal.

Keywords : co-management; local level; case study; commons; Canada; 1 CBM (-); common-property

Towle, J.E. 1991. Dauphin Lake Basin: People Working Together.

Keywords : co-management; commons; Canada; 1 CM (-); common-property

Townsend, R.E. 1995. Preserving community interestes under fisheries enclosure.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 2 FCM; Bod? '95; common-property

Townsend, R.E. 1995. Fisheries self-governance: corporate or cooperative structures? Marine Policy.Vol. 19. No. 1. pp.39-45.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; 2 FCM; General; North America; UK; governance

Abstract: The concept of self-governance of fisheries resources has implicitly assumed that self-governance would be democratic in structure. This concept of self-governance is patterned on the democratic governance of cooperatives. The present analysis argues for a corporate concept of fisheries self-governance. A corporate governance structure provides a vehicle for effective joint decision-making by producers, but avoids the inefficient long run incentives created by a cooperative governance structure.

Townsley, P. 1991. Socio-economic surveys in fisheries in Africa. A selected annotated bibliography. FAO. (ed.) p.1Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Keywords : co-management; socio-economic; Africa; development; policy; bibliography; planning

Tripathi, K.C. 1987. Local Institutions Involved in Forest Management: Panchayat Case Studies. Richard Morse et al. (ed.) Peoples' Institutions for Forest and Fuelwood Development: A Report on Participatory Fuelwood Evaluations in India and Thailand. East West Center. Honolulu, HI.

Keywords : co-management; institutions; case study; development; evaluation; India; 1 CM (-)

University of Hull. 1995. Fishermen's Organisations and Fisheries Management Systems. School of Geography and Earth Resources, University of Hull.

Keywords : co-management; 2 - 3 FCM; organisation

Untung, W. et al. 1992. Traditional Community-Based Fisheries Management Practices in Indonesia. Ministry of Agriculture/ FAO/UN, Jakarta.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; Indonesia; 3 FCBM

Uphoff, N. 1986. Activating Community Capacity for Water Management in Sri Lanka. Community Management, Asien Experience and Perspectives. Kumarian Press.

Keywords : co-management; Sri Lanka; 1 CM; community management

Uphoff, N. 1992. Local Institutions and Participation for Sustainable Development.

Keywords : co-management; institutions; participation; development; 1 CM; sustainable development

Uphoff, N. et al. 1990. Optimum' Participation in Irrigation Management: Issues and Evidence from Sri Lanka. Human Organization.49. pp.26-40.

Keywords : co-management; participation; Sri Lanka; 1 CM (-)

Uphoff, N.T. 1986. Improving Irrigation Water Management with Farmer Participation: Getting the Process Right. Westview Press, Boulder, CO.

Keywords : co-management; participation; 1 CM (-); policy

Uphoff, N.T. et al. 1985. Getting the Process Right: Farmer Organization and Participation in Irrigation Water Management.

Keywords : co-management; organizations; participation; project; development; 1 CM (-)

Usher, P.J. 1991. The Beverly-Kaminuriak Caribou Management Board: an Experience in Co-management.

Keywords : co-management; commons; Canada; 1 CM (-); common-property

Vanden Hoonard, W.C. 1972. Local-Level Autonomy: A Case Study of an Icelandic Fishing Community.Memorial University of Newfoundland.

Keywords : co-management; local level; case study; 3 FCBM (-)

Varjopuro, R. and P. Salmi. 1997. The functionality of fisheries management from the perspective of commercial fishermen. Two cases in comparison.

Keywords : co-management; Baltic; Finland; salmon; conflict; local level

Abstract: This presentation studies the views of commercial fishermen on fishery management in two cases, the Baltic salmon open sea fishery and the vendace fishery in Finnish lakes. There are substatial differences in the structures of these fisheries and in the decision-making regimes. The vendace fishery is managed mostly locally, but the salmon fishery has top-down management run by the central government. In both cases there is conflict between fishermen and decision-makers. We compare arguments of the fishermen concerning the conflicts and their conceptions of management and government intervention. The arguments reflect the different structures of the fisheries. Based on these comparisons we estimate the feasibility of developing a system of co-mangement for these two very different fisheries. We conclude that the management system should adapt to the local socio-cultural context of the fishery and that decsion making on the local level does ot necessarily prevent the conflicts.

Vayda, A.P. 1986. Self-Managed Land Colonization in Indonesia. Community Management, Asien Experience and Perspectives. Kumarian Press.

Keywords : co-management; Indonesia; CBM; community management

Verlaan, V. 1995. Co-management of living coastal resources in ASEAN: Theory, practice and implications for Vietnam. (Report from Training Course # 1: "Principles and Practices of Co-Management").ICLARM Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; theory; Vietnam; Asia; project; policy; participation; Canada; community-based; Holland; model; aquaculture; development

Abstract: A training course focusing upon the policy implication of the participation of resource users in fisheries management regimes was held at the headquarters of the Ministry of Fisheries of Viet Nam (57 Ngoc Khanh, Ba Dinh, Ha Noi) between May 15 and 17, 1995. Organized jointly by the Ministry of Fisheries, the Oceans Institute of Canada, the ICLARM, and the "Viet Nam - Canada Ocean and Coastal Cooperation Program", the course brought together more than thirty Viet Namese participants from the whole country.Regional experience in forms of co-management or community-based management for living coastal resource use was described in detail by a contingent of 12 resource persons from Southeast Asia, Hong Kong, Holland, Canada, and Viet Nam. Discussion periods followed each presentation and were continued at the end of each day. Viet Namese coastal environmental issues and trends of relevance were examined by the participants in three working groups (focusing on the co-management model as applied to 1. coastal fisheries, 2. marine protected areas, and 3. aquaculture). Recommendations for next steps in the development of co-management activities in Viet Nam were drawn up jointly by participants and resource persons at the end of the training course. These were accepted by the MoF, and the next course will support some of these recommendations.

Villafuerte, E.D. and C. Bailey. 1982. Systems of Sharing and Patterns of Ownership. Conner Bailey. (ed.) Inst. of Fish. Dev. & Research, Univ. of Philippines, Quezon City; ICLARM, Philipp., UN Univ., Tokyo. pp.25-41.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCBM (-)

Vusse, F.J.V. 1990. Philippine Experiences in Coastal Resource Co-Management.

Keywords : co-management; Philippines; 3 FCM

Wade, R. 1988. The Management of Irrigation Systems: How to Evoke Trust and Avoid Prisoners' Dilemma. World Development.16. 4. pp.489-500.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CM (-)

Wang, S.D.H. and Bing-yi Zhan. 1992. Marine fishery resource management in PR China. Marine Policy.Vol. 16. Nr. 3.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM; China

Waters, J.R. 1992. Restricted Access vs. Open Access Methods of Management: Toward More Effective Regulation of Fishing Effort. Marine Fisheries Review.Vol. 53. No. 3. pp.1-11.

Keywords : co-management; method; 1 CM; regulation; effort

Westerlund, L. 1993. Community-based management of reservoirs: Experiences from Zimbabwe. ALCOM NEWS. pp.23-25.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; 1 CBM; Cooperative; Africa; Zimbabwe; development; project

Abstract: The article describes the management of a fishery in a small reservoir in Zimbabwe. Central government has delegated authority to manage the fishery to local authorities who have in turn delegated it to a community-based management committee. This committee passes by-laws for the management of the fishery. Local authorities and a development project have played a catalytic role in the process.

White, A. 1989. The Marine Conservation and Development Program of Silliman University as an Example for Lingayen Gulf. G.Silvestre. et al, (eds.) Towards sustainable development of the coastal resources of Lingayen Gulf, Philippines. p. 119-23.

Keywords : co-management; conservation; development; Philippines; 2 - 3 FCM; sustainable development

White, A.T. 1989. Two Community-based Marine Reserves: Lessons for Coastal Management. T.-E.Chua. and D.Pauly. (eds.) Coastal area management in Southeast Asia: Policies, management strategies and case studies. ICLARM Conf. Procee. 19, 254 p. ICLARM, Manila, Philippines.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; Asia; case study; 3 FCBM; policy; strategy

Wigen, K. 1987. Shifting Control of Japan's Coastal Waters. John C.Cordell. (ed.) A Sea of Small Boats. Cultural Survival, Inc., Cambridge, MA.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM

Williamson, J. 1981. Using Local People's Participation in a Food for Work Program in Nepal. Rural Development Participation Review.2. 3. pp.15-17.

Keywords : co-management; participation; 1 CM (-)

Willman, R. 1992. Community-Based Resource Management: Experiences with Forestry, Water and Land Resources. FAO

Keywords : co-management; community-based; development; Asia; Pacific; 1 CBM (-)

Wilson, J.A. and Lloyd M.Dickie. 1995. Parametric management: An ecological - social approach.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 2 FCM; Bod? '95; common-property

Wilson, J.A. et al. 1994. Chaos, complexity and community management of fisheries. Marine Policy.Vol. 18, No. 4. pp.291-305.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCBM; model; policy; community-based; commons; community management

Abstract: For several decades, fisheries management has been based on stock recruitment models, leading to policies designed to control the amount of effort and the quantity of fish caught. This approach has not been notably successful. In this paper we take the view that this problem arises from the complex and likely chaotic nature of fisheries. This attribute of fisheries creates a very difficult and costly information problem, which renders attempts to control the long term numerical abundance of individual species virtually impossible. We argue that feasible management must address the relatively stable parameters of fisheries systems - habitat and basic biological processes, and that this demands management attention to the fine as well as the broad scale attributes of the system. Attention to detail at these differing scales implies the need for a layered or hierarchical management structure. The need to minimize information costs also suggests an emphasis on decentralized, community-based approaches to management. A review of the anthropoligical literature shows that such approaches are common in many societies.

Wimaladharma, K.P. 1986. Participatory Management in Irrigation Projects: The Unfinished Experiment in Sri Lanka. Proceedings of the Workshop on Participatory Management in Sri Lanka's Irrigation Schemes. p. 53-68. International Irrigation Management Institute, Digana Village, Sri Lanka.

Keywords : co-management; project; Sri Lanka; 1 CM (-); workshop

Wright, A. 1985. Marine Resource Use in Papua New Guinea: Can Traditional Concepts and Contem porary Development Be Integrated? Kenneth Ruddle. and Robert E.Johannes. (eds.) The Traditional Knowledge and Management of Coastal Systems in Asia and the Pacific. p. 81-99. UNESCO, Regional Office for Science and Technology for Southeast Asia. Jakarta, Indonesia.

Keywords : co-management; development; Asia; Pacific; 3 FCM (-); Papua New Guinea

Wu, B.L. 1997. Traditional Management of Coastal Systems in China. Kenneth Ruddle. and Robert E.Johannes. (eds.) The Traditional Knowledge and Management of Coastal Systems in Asia and the Pacific. p. 184-9. UNESCO, Regional Office for Science and Technology for Southeast Asia, Y1 - 1985 Jakarta, Indonesia.

Keywords : co-management; Asia; Pacific; 3 FCBM (-); China

Wylie, J. 1987. The Law of the Streets, the Law of the Courts, and the Law of the Sea in a Dominican Fishing Village. John C.Cordell. (ed.) A Sea of Small Boats. Cultural Survival, Inc., Cambridge, MA.

Keywords : co-management; law; 2 FCBM

Yahaya, J. 1994. Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) and Community-Based Fisheries Management in Malaysia. Socioeconomic Issues in Coastal Fisheries Management: Proceedings of the IPCF Symposium. RAPA Publication.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; Malaysia; 3 FCBM (-); socioeconomic

Yater, L.R. et al. 1982. Small-scale fisheries of San Miguel Bay, Philippines: social aspects of production and marketing. Bailey, C. (ed.) Institute of Fisheries Development and Research, College of Fisheries, University of the Philippines in the Visayas; ICLARM; The United Nations University University Quezon City, Manila, Tokyo

Keywords : co-management; Philippines; San Miguel; project; development; market; Asia; socioeconomic; processing; economics; women; household

Abstract: The research project "Small-scale fisheries of San Miguel Bay: A multidisciplinary analysis" was conducted jointly by the Institute of Fisheries Development and Research (IFDR) of the College of Fisheries, University of the Philippines and the International Center for Living Aquatic Resoruces Management (ICLARM), both based in Manila, Philippines.

San Miguel Bay is one of the more important fisheries of the Philippines, being a shallow productive body of water producing large catches of fish, shrimp and other crustaceans. It is located in the Bicol Region of the Philippines towards the southern end of the island of Luzon, approximately 400 km south of Manila, the capital city and major market for fishery products, especially shrimp.

In addition to the Bay's high biological productivity, there were several other reasons this site was chosen for this in-depth multidisciplinary study, the first of its kind in the Philippines, if not all of southeast Asia. The Bicol Region is one of the more depressed areas of the country, with per capita incomes well below the national average. For this reason, and because of the potential for increased production from the agricultural sector, the Bicol River Basin Development Program (BRBDP), an integrated area development plan, was formulated in the early 1970s with the major purpose of building the necessary physical and social infrastructure to bring irrigation to the region's rainfed rice land. With its subsequent responsibilities expanding both geographically beyond the Bicol River basin and administratively to include activites other than rice, the BRBDP became interested in the potential for incorporating fishing communities into its development planning. The opportunitiy existed therefore for this IFDR/ICLARM research project to provide some of the basic biological and socioeconomic information on the fisheries that would make such planning possibl.

This technical report analyzes the social linkages among fishing communities of San Miguel Bay, attitudes towards fish production, processing and marketing, economic role of women and children, variations in sharing systems by gear types, and socioeconomic aspects of the marketing system. It represents data gathered primarly from interviews with 641 fishing household, supplemented by participant observation conducted over approximately a two-year period, 1979-1981.

Yoder, R. 1990. Farmer-Managed Irrigation Systems: How Sustainable?

Keywords : co-management; commons; 1 CBM (-); common-property

Yoder, R.(.). 1990. Design Issues in Farmer-Managed Irrigation Systems. Yoder, R. and Juanita Thurston. (eds.) International Irrigation Management Institute. Colombo, Sri Lanka.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CBM (-)

Zann, L.P. 1985. Traditional Management and Conservation of Fisheries in Kiribati and Tuvalu Atolls. Ruddle, K. and R.E. Johannes (eds.) The Traditional Knowledge and Management of Coastal Systems in Asia and the Pacific. p. 57-77. UNESCO, Regional Office for Science and Technology for Southeast Asia. Jakarta, Indonesia.

Keywords : co-management; conservation; Asia; Pacific; 3 FCBM (-); strategy; regulation; effort; rules; technology

Abstract: The people of the dry, infertile Central Pacific atolls evolved effective strategies for conserving limited marine resources. Sea tenure controlled access; turtles were protected; various regulations and customs controlled fishing effort; food taboos distributed fishing pressure; and preferential exploitation of pelagic and low trophic level lagoon species, as well as weather and distance, among other things, reduced fishing pressure on reefs. The effects of colonial rule and modern changes and pressures (urbanisation, introduced technologies, increased fishing pressures) are discussed.

Zerner, C. 1990. Marine Tenure in Indonesia's Makassar Strait: The Mandar Raft Fishery.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 3 FCBM (-); common-property

Zerner, C. 1991. Reefs in a Riptide: Community Management of Coastal Resources in the Maluku Islands, Indonesia (1969-1990).

Keywords : co-management; Indonesia; commons; Canada; 3 FCBM (-); Maluku; community management; common-property

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Last updated: September 20, 2001