1996. Fisheries co-management workshop on strategy, methodologies, field experiences of partners and exchange of information: A proceedings.The North Sea Centre, Hirtshals. Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; workshop; strategy; methodology; project

1996. Research initiatives on fisheries co-management in Central and Southern Africa. Report of the Regional Workshop, 20-22 November 1995, Kariba, Zimbabwe. Jackson, J.C. (ed.)IFM & ICLARM, Hirtshals & Manila. Fisheries Co-management Research Report.

Keywords : co-management; Southern Africa; Africa; workshop; Kariba; Zimbabwe; research report

1997. National workshop on coastal and fisheries co-management. Breakwater Logde, Cape Town. 3-4 June 1997. Summarised proceedings.

Keywords : co-management; workshop; South Africa; akn; project; Africa; government; local level; sustainable development; development; policy

Abstract: What was the workshop all about?

More and more projects are being started in South Africa where responsibility for management of natural resources is shared between government authorities and communities or other resource users. These co-management projects are important ways to improve access to resources by marginalised people. It is also widely agreed that management of resources at local level is a vital tool for sustainable development. However, communication and support for these new projects has been lacking, so lessons from other projects have not been widely shared. For the same reasons, co-management projects have not yet been able to make an impact on government policies. To begin talking about these issues, a group of people involved in research, development, government and non-government sectors organised a workshop in Cape Town for groups involved in co-management for coastal and fisheries resources.

1997. National workshop on coastal and fisheries co-management, Breakwater Lodge, Cape Town, 3-4 June 1997.

Keywords : workshop; co-management; project; South Africa; government; local level; sustainable development; development; policy

Abstract: What was the workshop all about?

More and more projects are being started in South Africa where responsibility for management of natural resources is shared between government authorities and communities or other resource users. These co-management projects are important ways to improve access to resources by marginalised people. It is also widely agreed that management of resources at local level is a vital tool for sustainable development. However, communication and support for these new projects has been lacking, so lessons from other projects have not been widely shared. For the same reasons, co-management projects have not yet been able to make an impact on government policies. To begin talking about these issues, a group of people involved in research, development, government and non-government sectors organised a workshop in Cape Town for groups involved in co-management for coastal and fisheries resources.

Abdullah, N.M. et al. 1997. Transaction costs and fisheries co-management.Universiti Pertanian Malaysia & ICLARM Serdang Selangor & Manila: Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; transaction costs; conflict; institutions

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to highlight some of the possible transaction costs that may either increase or decrease the total cost of managing fisheries. It is believed that co-management, as an institutional arrangement for managing fisheries resources, will effectively address some of the problems of fisheries overexploitation, dissipation and redistribution of resource rents, and conflicts among the different groups of resource users.

The transaction costs in a fisheries co-management can broadly be categorised into three major cost items: information costs, collective fisheries decision-making costs, and collective operational costs. An approach to measuring transaction costs of fisheries co-management system both in static and dynamic processes are also proposed. There is a need to empirically evaluate the nature of the transaction costs involved in fisheries co-management institutions as a basis for defending a move away from the more centralised form of fisheries management institutions.

Acheson, J.M. 1979. Variations in Traditional Inshore Fishing Rights in Maine Lobstering Communities. Raoul Andersen. (ed.) North Atlantic Maritime Cultures: Anthropological Essays on Changing Adaptions. p. 253-76. Mouton. The Hague.

Keywords : co-management; North Atlantic; 3 FCBM; Atlantic

Acheson, J.M. 1987. The Lobster Fiefs Revisited. Economic and Ecological effects of Territoriality in the Maine Lobster Industry. McCay, B.J. and J.M. Acheson (eds.) The Question of the Commons, The Culture and Ecology of Communal Resources. 2, p. 37-65. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Keywords : co-management; economics; commons; 2 FCBM; lobster

Acheson, J.M. 1989. Management of Common-Property Resources. Stuart Plattner. (ed.) Economy Anthropology. Stanford University Press.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM; common-property

Acheson, J.M. 1989. Where Have All the Exploiters Gone? Co-management of the Maine Lobster Industry. Common Property Resources. pp.199-217.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCM; lobster

Adegbite, T. 1996. Village seminar: an approach to the integration of the fisherfolk into the sound management of fishery resources.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM

Agbayani, R.F. and S.V. Siar. 1993. Problems encountered in the implementation of a community-based fishery resource management project. R.S.Pomeroy. (ed.) Community Management and Common Property of Coastal Fisheries in Asia and the Pacific: Concepts, Methods and Experiences. p. 149-60. ICLARM, Manila, Philippines.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; project; commons; Asia; Pacific; method; 2 FCBM; community management; common-property

Agbayani, R.F. and A.S. Babol. 1997. Institutional arrangements on fisheries co-management in Malalison Island, Culasi, Antique: A process documentation research methodology. Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; methodology; Malalison; project

Ahmed, M. 1991. A Model to Determine Benefits Obtainable from the Management of Riverine fisheries of Bangladesh. ICLARM, Manila. No. 728.-133.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCM; Bangladesh; model; riverine

Ahmed, M. et al. 1995. Fisheries Co-Management in Bangladesh - Experiences with GO-NGO- Fisher Partnership Models.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 3 FCM; UK; Instructive; Asia; Bangladesh; organizations; model; institutions; participation; rules; empowerment; policy; environment; common-property

Abstract: Failure in the past to ascertain responsible fishing practices and equitable distributrion of benefits under traditional leasing systems has motivated the Bangladesh government to work in partnership with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and fishing communities in recent times. Several models of interactions between governmental organizations (GO), NGOs and fishing communities have emerged out of the partnerships. This paper discusses the operational approaches that were used to identify the fishery commons and create institutions for increasing the participation of local fishers in the making and enforcing resource use rules. The group-based empowerment strategies of NGOs; their role in securing for the beneficiaries the access rights to waterbodies as well as provision of credits and inputs for employment and income generation activities showed some practical evidence of the concept of the poor as managers of the fisheries resources. The paper also discusses the policy issues involving the rights held by local community members to catch fish for subsistence purposes; practices and uses that affect the physical environment. There are also issues associated with the difficulties of reconciling differing government (GO) and NGO priorities and points of view with regard to target group identification and levels of responsibilities. The paper concludes that a non-obstructioist policy context and interests of the powerful groups as well as those dependent on the fishery resources are the critical factors for successful evolution of co-management models in countries like Bangladesh.

Ahmed, M. et al. 1992. Redirecting Benefits to Genuine Fishermen: Bangladesh's New Fisheries Management Policy.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 3 FCM; UK; General; Asia; policy; USA; Bangladesh; property rights; household; economics; organisation; common-property

Abstract: In a bid to correct centuries-old exploitative modes of production and to ensure productivity and sustainability of currently degraded, publicly owned inland openwater bodies, the Government of Bangladesh recently instituted drastic changes in its fisheries management policy. The policy of leasing out fishing rights to the highest bidders, who were invariably wealthy middlemen, was replaced by a policy granting direct fishing rights to genuine fishermen under a government administered licensing programme. This policy shift is expected to redefine the system of property rights in favour of households directly dependent on fishing for their livelihood. It also raises questions on how the policy could improve economic prospects for the intended beneficiaries, but that it would also require a mix of management and financial inputs, infrastructure facilities, and institutional support. This paper discusses an experimental mechanism through which these necessary inputs could be provided i.e. through active involvement of fishing communities and non-governmental organisations (NGOS).

Ahmed, M. and T.S. Tana. 1995. Management of freshwater capture fisheries of Cambodia - issues and approaches.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 2 FCM; food security; regulation; policy; conflict; rural; development; Cambodia; Asia; freshwater; common-property

Abstract: Located in the Lower Mekong Basin, the inland waters of Cambodia support an extensive fishery and provide food security to the country's largely subsistence oriented population. Current fishery production from inland waters is estimated to be more than 100.000 tons, one third of which come from subsistence fishing. Despite government regulations, the fishery is threatened by loss of critical habitats like the inundated forests, and destructive fishing practices and increasing commercial exploitation. The paper reviews the consequences of existing systems of management and fishing righs allocation. Inequality in the allocation of fishing access and distribution of benefits is a major policy issue. With no alternative income earning opportunities, low risks of apprehension and penalties and continuing internal conflicts regulatory management has become less and less effective. The paper concludes that redefining of user rights, extension of institutional responsibilites for management towards the fishing community and integration of fisheries management with the overall rural development in the fishing communities should be an essentilal element of future policy.

Albrecht, D.E. 1990. Transactions between State Managers and Native Fishermen: Co- management on the Kuskokwim River, Alaska.

Keywords : co-management; state; commons; 3 FCM (-); Alaska; common-property

Alcala, A.C. and F.J.V. Vusse. 1993. The role of government in coastal management. R.S.Pomeroy. (ed.) Community Management and Common Property of Coastal Fisheries in Asia and the Pacific: Concepts, Methods and Experiences. p. 12-9. ICLARM, Manila, Philippines.
 
 

Keywords : co-management; commons; Asia; method; 2 FCM; UK; General; Pacific; Philippines; state; law; overfishing; government; community management; common-property
 
 

Abstract: The Philippines has an extensive and highly productive marine resource base that provides livelihood and sustenance for a significant portion of the population. A state property management regime is clearly spelled out in the law. Overfishing is widespread. The production potential of coastal waters has been further compromised by pollution. The current situation of fisheries management is described and discusses new approaches to fisheries management including a discussion of the role of government.

ALCOM. 1994. Aquaculture into the 21st century in Southern Africa. ALCOM. (ed.) FAO, Harare. 15. pp.1-48.

Keywords : co-management; aquaculture; Southern Africa; Africa; status; policy; development; fish farming; institutions

Abstract: This report presents the findings of the Working Group on the Future of ALCOM, which was appointed by the fifth Steering Committee Meeting in February 1992. The Working Group met three times during 1992 and 1993. It gathered information and data on the status and trends in aquaculture in the SADC region, SADC's and governments' policies and plans, and donor policies and support to the sector. It analyzed the outlook for aquaculture development (inland fish farming, fisheries and aquaculture on reservoirs, and marine and brackishwater aquaculture) and development needs in a ten-year perspective. Based on the analysis the Working Group proposes a continued regional programme for 1995 - 1999, focusing on experimental work on small-scale market-oriented inland aquaculture, fisheries and aquaculture on reservoirs, coastal small-scale aquaculture, and strengthening of aquaculture institutions.

Alegret, J.-L. 1994. Ancien Social Institutions versus "Modern" Economic Organizations: Are Producers' Organizations an alternative to the confrar?es?

Keywords : co-management; institutions; organizations; 2FCM; Cooperative; Europe; economics; 2 FCM; EU; commons; policy; Spain; producer organisations; organisation; social institutions; workshop

Abstract: This paper makes some preliminary observation of the EU common fisheries policy, describes the Confraries (fishermens cooperatives) in Spain and contrasts their functions with Producer Organisations.

Alegret, J.L. 1990. Co-Management and Legitimacy in Corporative Fishing Associations.

Keywords : co-management; legitimacy; 3 FCM; Cooperative; Europe; Spain; organisation; state; regulation

Abstract: This paper describes the organisation and activities of the Confraries de Pescadores (fishermen's cooperatives) in Catalonia, Spain. The organisations are described in terms of their history, structure and organisation. The state has delegated administrative powers to the Confraries and they cooperate in regulations and control of the fisheries. The paper concludes that the Confraries are the only legitimate organisation which represents the whole fishing sector.

Algret, J.L. 1990. Co-Management and Legitimacy in Corporative Fishing Associations.

Keywords : co-management; legitimacy; 3 FCM; Spain

Alix, J.C. 1989. Community-based Resources Management: The Experience of the Central Visayas Regional Project-I. T.-E.Chua. and D.Pauly. (eds.) Coastal area management in Southeast Asia: Policies, manag. strategies and case studies. ICLARM Conf. Procee. 19. p. 185-90.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; Visayas; Asia; case study; 1 - 2 CBM; policy; strategy

Amend, D.F. 1989. Alaska's Regional Aquaculture Associations: Co-management of Salmon in Southern Southeast Alaska. Pinkerton, E. (ed.) In Cooperative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Manage ment and Community Development. p. 125-35. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.

Keywords : aquaculture; co-management; salmon; Cooperative; development; 3 FCM; North America; Alaska; state

Abstract: This paper describes the background that allowed the development of the Southern Southeast Regional Aquaculture Association (SSRAA), outlines the structures of the SSRAA and describes how it functions. Co-management occures between state and user groups through shared responsibilities for the resource and sharing management with the user groups within the SSRAA. Differences between the fucntion of various Regional Aquaculture Associations are also discussed.

Anbalagan, K. et al. 1997. Participation in fishing communities. International Institute for Environment and Development. Sustainable Agriculture Programme.

Keywords : co-management; participation

Andersen, P. 1983. An introduction to and a translation of Warming's 1911-article 'On rent of fishing grounds'. History of Political Economy.15.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM

Anderson, E.N., Jr. 1987. A Malaysian Tragedy of the Commons. The Question of the Commons, The Culture and Ecology of Communal Resources. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 2 FCM

Anonuevo, C.T. 1993. The role of nongovernmental organizations in community-based coastal resources management. R.S.Pomeroy. (ed.) Community Management and Common Property of Coastal Fisheries in Asia and the Pacific: Concepts, Methods and Experiences. p. 145-8. ICLARM, Manila, Philippines.

Keywords : co-management; organizations; community-based; commons; Asia; Pacific; method; 2 FCBM; community management; common-property

Arifin, B. 1995. Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Commons: The Case of an Indonesian Subark.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 1 CBM; Bod? '95; Indonesia; common-property

Aronson, D.R. 1985. Implementing Local Participation: The Niger Range and Livestock Project. Nomadic Peoples.18. June. pp.67-75.

Keywords : co-management; participation; project; 1 CM (-)

Aryal, M.M. 1985. Participatory Irrigation Management: Bhadrutar and Hakuwa Canals (Nukwakot District). Agricultural Development Council. Kathmandu, Nepal.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CM (-)

Asian Development Bank. 1986. Irrigation System Improvement and Farmer Participation: A Case Study at Nong Wai, Thailand. Irrigation and Rural Development Department, Asian Development Bank. Manila, Philippines.

Keywords : co-management; participation; case study; 1 CM (-)

Atapattu, A.R. 1994. Community-Based Approaches to Fisheries Management: The Role of Marketing Development and Fisheries Cooperatives in Improving Socio-Economic Condition. Socioeconomic Issues in Coastal Fisheries Management: Proceedings of the IPCF Symposium. RAPA Publication.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; development; socio-economic; 3 FCM (-); socioeconomic

Atti-Mama, C. 1996. Trends in the management of continental fisheries in Benin: The case of Lake Nokue. Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; Benin; Lake Nokoue; project

Atti-Mama, C. 1997. Trends in the management of continental fisheries in Benin: The case of Lake Nokoue.

Keywords : co-management; Benin; Lake Nokoue; Malawi; workshop

Ayles, G.B. and R.M. Clarke. 1991. Overview of Cooperative Management for Canada's Arctic Fisheries.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; commons; Canada; 3 FCM (-); common-property

Bailey, C. 1982. Small-scale fisheries of San Miguel Bay, Philippines: occupational and geographic mobility. ICLARM. ICLARM Technical Reports, No. 10. Institute of Fisheries Development and Research, College of Fisheries, University of the Philippines in the Visayas; ICLARM; The United Nations University University Quezon City, Manila, Tokyo

Keywords : co-management; Philippines; San Miguel; project; development; market; Asia; socioeconomic; processing; economics; women; household; developing world; effort; enforcement; regulation

Abstract: The possibility of raising incomes and standards of living among small-scale fishermen in much of the developing world is constrained by the limited nature of their fishery resources. In this report existing patterns and future potentials for occupational and geographic mobility among small-scale fishermen of San Miguel Bay, Philippines were examined to determine whether such mobility has led or is likely to lead to a reduction of surplus fishing labor or improvements in the prodcutivity and incomes of those fishermen who remain.

Existing alternatives to fishing within the local economy were examined and found to offer only limited potential for absorbing labor from the fisheries sector. A high degree of stated willingness to change both occupation and residence was found to exist among fishermen regardless of age, educational attainment, ownership of house or land, and type of fisherman (owner-operator, crewman).

Examination of census data at the community level for the period 1939-1980 using census-survival techniques indicated substantial net out-migration from the San Miguel Bay area. Nonetheless, in absolute terms, numbers of fishermen have increased during this period, contributing to heavy pressure on the Bay's marine resoruces. Equally significant in terms of fishing effort were trawlers, which began operating within the Bay during the 1970s. Owned by a small number of families, these trawlers employed 10% of the Bay's fishermen but accounted for 47% of the total catch in 1980.

The issue of competition between small-scale fishermeen and trawler operators in San Miguel Bay was discussed. The appropriateness of displacing small-scale fisehrmen from their traditional fishing grounds was questioned, especially where alternative employment opportunities are limited, as is the case in the San Miguel Bay area. In the long term the encouragement of economic alternatives to fishing was fournd to be essential, but in the short term, efforts to improve conditions among small-scale fishermen might more effectively be based on better enforcement of current management regulations, which are designed to limit competition between small-scale fishermen and trawlers.

Bailey, C. et al. 1990. The Kapuas River Fishery: Problems and Opportunities of Local Resource Management.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 3 FCBM (-); common-property

Bailey, C. and C. Zerner. 1992. Community-Based Fisheries Management Institutions in Indonesia. MAST.5. 1. pp.1-17.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; Indonesia; 2 FCM; institutions

Bailey, C. and C. Zerner. 1992. Community-based fisheries management institutions in Indonesia.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; institutions; Indonesia; case study; enforcement; consensus; market; policy

Abstract: Problems and prospects associated with community-based management of tropical fisheries resources are examined through a comparative case study based on field research conducted in Indonesa during 1990 and 1991. The argument is made that the central government lacks both the detailed knowledge of local ecosystems and the enforcement capability necessary to effectively manage highly diverse fisheries resources in this large archipelagic nation.

Community-based fisheries management systems have a long history in Indonesia and under certain conditions have proven effective not only in managing fishery resources on a sustainable basis, but also in fairly allocating access to these resources among local users. The dynamics of such systems are illustrated by comparing community-based management of a freshwater fishery in West Kalimantan Province with systems used for managing marine fisheries in Maluku Province. In both cases, long-standing management systems are shown to be based on detailed local knowledge and consensus among community members. These systems are shown to be dynamic and adaptive, but wether they can adapt to new pressures created by rapidly changing market conditions and government authorities seeking additional tax revenues is left as an open question. The case study materials are followed by a critical examination of the opportunities and problems associated with community-based fisheries management. The paper concludes with a set of specific policy recommendations that would encourage recognition of local rights to resources, decentralization of responsibility for fisheries management and a recapitulation of the reasons for doing so.

Baily, C. 1986. Government Protection of Traditional Resource Use Rights-The Case of Indonesian Fisheries. Community Management, Asien Experience and Perspectives. Kumarian Press.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCM; government; community management

Baines, G.B.K. 1989. Traditional Resource Management in the Melanesian South Pacific: A Development Dilemma. Fikret Berkes. (ed.) Common Property Resources: Ecology and Community-Based Sustainable Development. p. 273-95. Belhaven Press, London.

Keywords : co-management; Pacific; development; commons; 2 FCBM; community-based; sustainable development; common-property

Baines, G.B.K. 1997. A Traditional Base for Inshore Fisheries Development in the Solomon Islands. Kenneth Ruddle. and Robert E.Johannes. (eds.) The Traditional Knowledge and Management of Coastal Systems in Asia and the Pacific. p. 43-52. UNESCO, Regional Office for Science and Technology for Southeast Asia, Y1 - 1985 Jakarta, Indonesia.

Keywords : co-management; development; Asia; Pacific; Solomon Islands; Solomon; 3 FCBM (-); economics; tuna

Abstract: Some features of traditional fisheries of the Solomon Islands are reported on with reference to the government's determination that economic development should be tempered by tradition. The nature of traditional rights, perceptions of these and of living marine resources within traditional areas, and the relevance of both primary and secondary rights, are explained. Emphasis is given to a question the answer to which will have far-reaching implications for development - whether traditional rights are rights to use or to own. Skipjack tuna industry arrangements for harvesting bait fish from traditional fisheries areas are questioned. Factors to be considered in establishing tradition-based inshore fisheries regimes are listed, and it is proposed that a "basic fisheries tradition" for each culture should be determined.

Ballabh, V. and K. Singh. 1987. People's Participation in Management of Natural Forests: The Experiences and Lessons from Van Panchayats of Uttar Pradesh Hills.

Keywords : co-management; participation; 1 CM (-)

Barrett, G. 1993. Flexible Specialisation and Rural Comminity Development. The Case of Nova Scotia. North Atlantic Studies - Fishing Communities.Vol. 3, No. 2.

Keywords : co-management; rural; development; 3 FCBM; Nova Scotia

Bay, S.M. 1995. Initiatives towards fisheries co-management in the Philippines. Marine Policy.Vol. 19. No. 3. pp.213-226.

Keywords : co-management; Philippines; 3 FCM

Bayley, R.M. 1989. Policies to Improve the Management of the Clam Resource in British Columbia: Common Pool versus Private Property Resource Management.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 2 FCM (-); policy; British Columbia

Bell, R.K. and David V.Gillman. 1991. Cooperative Fisheries Management in Canada's Western Arctic.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; commons; Canada; 3 FCM (-); common-property

Belliveau, M. et al. 1995. An Overview of Fisheries Co-Management User participation in fisheries managment. Lessons drawn from international experiences. Marine Policy.Vol. 19. No. 3. pp.227-246.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM; participation

Belliveau, M. et al. 1995. An overview of fisheries co-management. Baker, R. et al, (eds.) The coastal communities network. pp.1-87.

Keywords : co-management; Japan; Norway; Alaska; New Zealand; Canada; Nova Scotia; network; General

Abstract: A general overview of fisheries co-management is presented. Examples of fisheries co-manageent in Japan, Norway, Alaska, New Zealand and Canada are described. Co-managemen issues in Nova Scotia are then discussed.

Benjaminsen, T.A. 1995. Natural resource management and decentralisation. Towards comanagement in Mali.Centre for Development and the Environment (SUM), University of Oslo. Working Paper 1995.3.

Keywords : co-management; decentralisation; Mali; Africa; environment; development; commons; participation; state

Abstract: During the last few years, there has been considerable discussion concerning the environment in African drylands and the management of its resources. Several studies discuss what has been labelled a paradigm shift in Sahelian Natural Resource Management. Earlier, the mainstream view has made local people responsible for causing natural resource degradation. Today alternative views are emerging in fields such as pastoral development, management of common property resources, fuelwood management and in development thinking (the new stress on participation and decentralisation). These new paradigms are discussed in relation to the forthcoming decentralisation reform in Mali. During the colonial period, a heavily centralised government was installed in all the French colonies. The Malian government after independence have maintained this centralised structure. However, after the overthrow of former president Moussa Traor? in March 1991, critique against the centralised state and calls for decentralisation have increasingly been heard. The new government, which was elected in 1992, is now reviewing the structure and functioning of the administrative system of the state. The proposals so far are to establish Communes containing a few villages or nomadic fractions. Councils will be elected to independently administrate the territorial units belonging to the Communes. The state will only be represented by an advisor in each Commune. Possible problems and potentials of the decentralisation reform in Mali related to natural resource management are discussed referring to the comanagement model, and to examples of customary local natural resource management in Mali.

Berkes, F. 1977. Fishery Resource Use in a Subarctic Indian Community. Human Ecology.5. 4. pp.289-307.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCBM

Berkes, F. 1979. An Investigation of Cree Indian Domestic Fisheries in Northern Quebec. Arctic 32. pp.46-70.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCBM; Cree

Berkes, F. 1981. The Role of Self-Regulation in Living Resource Management in the North. Freeman, M.M.R. (ed.) Renewable Resources and the Economy of the North. p. 143-60. Ass. of Can. Univ. for North. Res. and the Canada Man and the Biosphere Program, Ottawa, Ontario.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCBM (-); regulation; participation; Cooperative; development; General; status; local level; case study; Cree; institution

Abstract: This paper argues that there are basically two alternative approaches to living resources management, and a third representing some combination of the first two. The first is management by regulations established by various government agencies, in accordance with the results of scientific studies and the perceived need to limit the harvest to levels that can be sustained by the game populations. This is referred to as regulation from the outside, as opposed to self-regulation, which is the second approach. In its pure form, the second approach is to leave all management power and responsibility with the local community. This effectively would mean complete deregulation; its proponents include leaders of some native groups who hold the view that there should be no outside government interference with native hunting, fishing and trapping activities.

The two approaches may be combined in various ways. One such family of hybrid approaches is native participation in scientific studies. Examples may include the employment of northern native research assistants, "cooperative research" undertaken jointly by government and local/regional native agencies, and the development of northern native scientific community. In each case, native participation would be valuable and sometimes necessary, as these mechanisms would bring native concerns to the foreground, as well as providing the benefit of native knowledge of local resources. These objectives, although worthwhile, are insufficient in themselves if the regulatory mechanism does not involve native participation, and if the information so collected ultimately serves only the purposes of regulation from the outside.

Another family or hybrid approaches would be to rely on southern science to set the framework for management, but would then involve the local communities in working out the actual regulations and allocation where allocation may be an issue. Again, user-group participation in management decisions in general, and local native participation in northern living resource management in particular, are valuable and necessary. However, this approach divorces the biological aspects of management, as if the native people had no contribution to make, from the political aspects of management. A major shortcoming of this approach is that the regulatory decisions so taken may lack credibility from the native point of view if there is disagreement on the status of the stocks.

This study mainly deals with another famil of hybrid approaches: that which strives to combine self-regulation with regulation from the outside, and scientific resource management with control at the local level. The study will attempt to evaluate the conditions under which one alternative approach or the other may be more appropriate as the major management mechanism for the task at hand. The assumption here is that the desired outcome (the task) is the pursuit of optimum natural productivity of living resources.

The approach will be based on the case study of the Cree Indian people of eastern James Bay and their resources. First, traditional management techniques and practices will be discussed. Second, the trapline system, as the key "traditional" institution in the land tenure system, will be assessed further. Third, the conditions under which the native land tenure system tends to break down will be evaluated. Next will be an analysis of the appropriate management approaches, by animal group, leading to a discussion of prospects and possibilities of management by design, as opposed to management by outside regulation.

Berkes, F. 1981. Fisheries of the James Bay Area and Northern Quebec: A Case- Study in Resource Management. Milton M.R.Freeman. (ed.) Renewable Resources and the Economy of the North. p. 143-60. Ass. of Can. Univ. for North. Res. and the Canada Man and the Biosphere Program, Ottawa, Ontario.

Keywords : co-management; case study; 3 FCBM (-)

Berkes, F. 1984. Alternative Styles in Living Resources Management: The Case of James Bay, Quebec. Environments.16. 3. pp.114-123.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCBM

Berkes, F. 1985. Fishermen and "The Tragedy of the Commons". Environmental Conservation.Vol. 12, Nr. 3.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 2 FCM; tragedy of the commons

Berkes, F. 1985. The Common Property Resource Problem and the Creation of Limited Property Rights. Human Ecology.Vol. 13. No. 2.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 2 FCM; common-property

Berkes, F. 1986. Marine Inshore Fishery Management in Turkey. Proceedings of the Conference on Common Property Resource Management. National Academic Press, Washington, D.C.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 3 CBM (-); common-property

Berkes, F. 1986. Local-Level Management and the Commons Problem: A Comparative Study of Turkish Coastal Fisheries. Marine Policy.10. July. pp.215-229.

Keywords : co-management; local level; commons; 3 FCBM

Berkes, F. 1987. Common-Property Resource, Management and Cree Indian, Fisheries in Subarctic Canada. The Question of the Commons, The Culture and Ecology of Communal Resources. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Keywords : co-management; Canada; commons; 2 FCBM; common-property; Cree

Berkes, F. 1987. The Common Property Resource Problem and the Fisheries of Barbados and Jamaica. Environmental Management.Vol. 11, No. 2. pp.225-235.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 3 FCM; Jamaica; common-property; Barbados

Berkes, F. 1988. Environmental Philosophy of the Chisasibi Cree People of James Bay. Freeman, M.M.R. and L.N. Carbyn (eds.) Traditional Knowledge and Renewable Resource Management in Northern Regions. p. 7-21. Boreal Institute for Northern Studies, Edmonton, Canada.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CBM (-); method; technology; rules; Cree; Chisasibi

Abstract: The ability to use resources in a sustainable manner stems from a combination of two factors: a. the possession of appropriate local ecological knowledge and suitable methods / technology to exploit resources, and b. a philosophy and environmental ethic to keep exploitive abilities in check and to provide ground rules by which the relation among humans and animals may be regulated. The first of these two factors, traditional knowledge, has already been discussed and documented extensively for the eastern Cree people. This paper emphasizes the second of the two, and specifically focuses on the following Cree beliefs: a. it is the animals, not people, who control the success of the hunt, b. hunters-fishermen have certain obligations to fulfill towards the animals to ensure a productive hunt, and c. a contiuned, proper use of resources is important for sustainability. The hunter's obligation towards animals are intertwined with social obligations, so that the environmental ethic of the Chisasibi Cree is an integral part of a comprehensive philosophy of life. Cree environmental philosophy is relevant to the implementation of sustainable resource use practices. It is also relevant to the "ecosystem approach" in which human social systems need to be considered part of natural ecological systems.

Berkes, F. 1989. Co-Management and the James Bay Agreement. Evelyn Pinkerton. (ed.) Co-Operative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Management and Community Development. p. 189-208. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; development; 3 FCM; UK; Consultative; North America

Abstract: This paper describes the history behind the James Bay Agreement, the Agreement, the fish and wildlife provisions of the Agreement, the problems and constraints of the Coordinating Committee set up by the Agreement and the issues which need to be resolved.

Berkes, F. 1993. Success and Failure in Marine Coastal Fisheries of Turkey. Daniel W.Bromley. (ed.) Making The Commons Work. Theory, Practice and Policy. ICS Press, Institute for Contemporary Studies, San Francisco, California.

Keywords : co-management; commons; theory; 3 FCM; policy

Berkes, F. 1994. Co-Management: Bridging the Two Solitudes. Northern Perspective.Vol. 22. No.2-3.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM; North America

Abstract: The term "two solitudes" refers to two management systems that existed in the Canadian North in isolation of one antoher: the government's resource management system based on Western science and the aboriginal resource use system based on culture, belief and practice. Aboriginal land claims agreements in the Canadian North, all of which have co-management provisions, have forced these two systems to recognize and to deal with the other. The experience has been mixed. There have been many obstacles to workable co-management arrangements, but there is reason for cautious optimism because in many ways the two types of knowledge and resource management systems complement one another.

Berkes, F. 1995. Community-based management of common property resources. Encyclopedia of Environmental Biology. Volume 1. p. 371-3. Academic Press, Inc.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; commons; biology; participation; conservation; effort; common-property

Abstract: As with many other species, human populations or communities may develop social self-regulatory mechanisms, such as territoriality, in the use of resources on which they depend. Community-based resource management has been important in traditional societies and continues to be significant in the contemporary world. This is because local people who farm, hunt, fish, or simply enjoy an area are more familiar with it than are outsiders; they may have a broader contextual understanding of the envorinment or a longer time series of observations on it; and local participation in resource management ensures self-interest without which conservation efforts will likely fail.

Berkes, F. and Aykut Kence. 1987. Fisheries and the Prisoner's Dilemma Game: Conditions for the Evolution of Coopera tion Among Users of Common Property Resources. Mimeo.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 2 FCM (-); common-property

Berkes, F. and C. Folke. 1994. Linking social and ecological systems for resilience and sustainability.

Keywords : co-management; resilience; workshop; property rights; economics; commons; institutions

Abstract: The general objective of the subproject is to investigate how the resilience of certain selected ecosystems can be improved by learning from traditional and newly emergent social-ecological systems, and how potential new principles derived from this study can be used to investigate how degraded ecosystems could be restored to generate a sustainable flow of services. To accomplish this task, social and ecological linkages in selected ecosystem types will be investigated systematically, using a common analytical framework. Specifically, in each of the study areas, we propose to investigate:

1. How the local system manages ecosystem processes and species/populations;

2. How the local system maintains ecosystem resilience in the face of perturbations;

3. The combinations of property rights arrangements, institutions, and knowledge systems which accomplish the above successfully.

Berkes, F. et al. 1991. Co-Management - The Evolution in Theory and Practice of the Joint Administration of Living Resources. Alternatives.Vol. 18. No. 2. pp.12-18.

Keywords : co-management; theory; 2 FCM; North America; economics; local level; state; conflict; participation

Abstract: The article explores the idea that co-management and self-management is at the core of social and economic health of many native communities. The role of native groups in the management of the resources they use is explored. A description of local level and state level systems as well as co-management arrangements are discussed. A number of co-management arrangements have been evolving in the Canadian North. The author emphasises the importance of the security of land tenure for long term resource management, using the examples of traditional resource management of the Western and Eastern Bay Cree peoples. Traditional management of wildlife resources have often been in conflict with state managment regimes. The importance of greater Cree participation in, and responsibility for, control of local resources through co-management is considered critical to sustainable resource management.

Berkes, F. and M. Kislalioglu. 1989. A comparative study of yield, investment, and energy use in small-scale fisheries. Fisheries Research.Vol.7.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; regulation; market; law

Abstract: The paper, based on data collected from 16 different fisheries around the world, searches ways to characterize the scale of a fishery and the appropriate management regimes for fisheries of differerent scales. The small-scale fishery, definable by the levels of investment, energy use and fish yield, is characterized by using fishing areas which are generally within a day of sailing from a home port. Management regimes for such fisheries need to be different from larger-scale industrial fisheries which have the capability to deplete one area and to move on.

The interplay of potentially viable community-based management regimes for small-scale fisheries and the necessity of government regulation and the use of market mechanisms for the larger-scale fisheries is significant in the context of the 1982 Law of the Sea. The responsibility of governments have expanded within the new 200-mil territorial seas, often without a concomitant increase in management capability. Can governments, especially the governments in the Third World countries in which most of the small-scale fishehes are found, cope with the new responsibility?

Berkes, F. and M. Kislalioglu. 1989. Community-based management and sustainable development: A framework for research.

Keywords : co-management; development; 2 FCBM; community-based; sustainable development

Berkes, F. and D. Pocock. 1981. Self-Regulation of Commercial Fisheries of the Outer Long Point Bay, Lake Erie. Journal of Great Lakes Resources.7. 2. pp.111-116.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCBM (-)

Berkes, F. and D. Pocock. 1983. The Ontario Native Fishing Agreement in Perspective, A Study in User-Group Ecology. Environments.15. 3. pp.17-26.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCM; Ontario; Canada

Berkes, F. and A.B. Shaw. 1986. Ecologically Sustainable Development: A Carribean Fisheries Case Study. Revue Canadienne D'Etudes Du Developpment VOL - 7. pp.175-196.

Keywords : co-management; development; case study; 3 FCBM (-); sustainable development; Caribbean; Barbados; Jamaica; effort; socioeconomic

Abstract: Self-sufficienty in fish production has been an elusive goal of many Eastern Caribbean nations despite decades of fishery development. The thrust and the outcome of fishery development strategies have been quite different in Barbados and Jamaica and have resulted in the orientation of effort to different fish resource types. Barbados has a major offshore fleet while Jamaica has a large reef fishery but no offshore fleet. An analysis of these fisheries is used to develop a broad concept of development incorporating a range of concerns, from the long-term sustainability of the resource base (the sustainable development apporach), to the socioeconomic development of the fishermen.

Berkes, F. and A.H. Smith. 1995. Coastal marine property rights: The second transformation. Juinio-Me?ez, M.A. and G.F. Newkirk (eds.) Philippine coastal resources under stress. p. 103-13. Coastal Resources Research Network, Dalhousie University & Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, Halifax, Canada & Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.

Keywords : co-management; property rights; Philippines; tragedy of the commons; commons; Hardin; development; aquaculture; economics

Abstract: Property rights in marine coastal resources in many parts of the world have been transformed over historical time from communal-property (in which access and management are controlled by an identifiable group) to open-access (in which the resource is freely accessible to all potential users). It is this open-acccss regime that leads to the Tragedy of the Commons (Hardin, 1968), as common-property theorists have made it clear. Yet, much of the recent fishery development literature continues to confuse common-property with open-access, even though the distinction between the two regimes is critical for the success of aquaculture.

In many countries and especially in ecologically stressed areas, a second transformation in property rights in marine coastal resources seems imminent. This transformation is associated with the restoration of property rights over resources, as fisheries and other marine resources move from capture to culture. Aquaculture is developing in response both to the non-sustainable use of unmanaged wild stocks, and to demands that exceed the capability of even well-managed stocks. The driving forces of aquaculture are biological and economic, but the impediments appear to be more social, cultural and legal. Experience with cultivation of edible red algae in St. Lucia, West Indies, provides some insights regarding a research agenda related to property rights issues in the development of coastal aquaculture.

Berry, S. 1989. Social institutions and access to resources. Africa.59. (1). pp.41-55.

Keywords : akn; co-management; institutions; Africa; social institutions

Bhatt, C.P. 1990. The Chipko Andolan: Forest Conservation Based on People's Power. Environment and Urbanization.2. April. pp.7-18.

Keywords : co-management; conservation; 1 CM (-)

Binder, L.N. and B. Hanbidge. 1991. Aboriginal People and Resource Co-management: The Inuvialuit of the Western Arctic and Resource Co-management under a Land Claims Settlement.

Keywords : co-management; commons; Canada; 1 CM (-); common-property

Blair, H.W. 1986. Social Forestry in India: Participatory Planning and Program Change.

Keywords : co-management; India; 1 CM (-); planning

Bland, J.-M. and J.-P. Platteau. 1994. Halting Degradation of Natural Resources: Is There a Role for Rural Communities. Oxford University Press.

Keywords : co-management; rural; 1-2 FCBM (-)

Bland, S.J.R. 1992. Community Based Management for the Fisheries of Malawi.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; Malawi; development; Southern Africa; Africa; 3 FCBM

Bland, S.J.R. and S.J. Donda. 1995. Common Property and Poverty. Fisheries Co-Management in Malawi.

Keywords : co-management; commons; Malawi; 3 FCM; Bod? '95; poverty; development; policy; growth; rural; household; food security; General; method; economics; common-property

Abstract: Malawi's economy is fragile, dominated mainly by the production and export of agricultural products. National development policy concentrates on growth through poverty alleviation, and the fisheries sector has a key role to play through the provision of rural employment and, more importantly, through its contribution to household food security. Per capita consumption of fish in Malawi si declining as the population grows at a rate of 3.2% per annum, pressures on natural resources are high and have led to severe environmental degradation. The problems of chronically low incomes amongst many of the world's fishermen has received much attention. Poverty alleviation among fisherfolk is a common, though often elusive, policy objective. One of the reasons for this is the general lack of understanding of the features and factors of this poverty and without such an understanding any policy is unlikely to achieve the desired results. A large body of work suggests that another reason for this persistent chronic poverty is attributed to the common property nature of capture fisheries and the associated dissipation of resource rent.

Resource rent dissipation does not, in itself, cause poverty but as an employer of last resort with low entry barriers and relatively high exit barriers, the fisheries sector concentrate individuals with low opportunity costs. This low opportunity cost is a contributory factor as is the disquilibrium of opportunity cost due to physical and emotional immobility of the work force. The only available method for increasing incomes thus seems to be increasing the opportunity costs by developing alternative employment opportunities.

Fisheries in Malawi have reached a critical point in the development process where emphasis is changing from one of technology-led production increases to the establishment of sustainable resource utilisation. Effective resource management must involve the fishing communities in efforts to limit access, and these changes must occur in parallel with the development of alternative, non-primary productive income earning opportunities for lakeshore communities to raise opportunity costs and broaden the economic base. Such an approach offers the only solution, not only to common property resource management in Malawi, but more general to halting and reversing the downward development spiral.

Bojos, R.M.J. 1993. The Central Visayas Regional Project: experience in community- based coastal resources management. R.S.Pomeroy. (ed.) Community Management and Common Property of Coastal Fisheries in Asia and the Pacific: Concepts, Methods and Experiences. p. 161-4. ICLARM, Manila, Philippines.

Keywords : co-management; Visayas; project; commons; Asia; Pacific; method; 3 FCB; community management; common-property

Boonchuwong, P. 1994. Options for Coastal Resource Management: A Case Study on Small- Scale Fisheries and Shrimp Cultivation in Pak Phanang Bay, Southern Thailand. Socioeconomic Issues in Coastal Fisheries Management: Proceedings of the IPCF Symposium. RAPA Publication.

Keywords : co-management; case study; 3 FCBM (-); socioeconomic

Breton, M. 1991. Cooperative Management in Northern Quebec.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; commons; Canada; 1 CM (-); common-property

Brett, J.P. 1982. The Bontok Model of Village Participatory Decision Making. Integrated Research Center, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines

Keywords : co-management; development; 1 CM (-); model

Brown, C.K. 1986. Report of the People's Participation Project (Ghana), Workshop on Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation. Food and Agriculture Organization, Human Resources, Institutions and Agrarian Reform Division. Rome.

Keywords : co-management; participation; project; evaluation; 1 CM (-); Ghana; workshop

Buck, S.J.[. 1989. Multi-jurisdictional Resources: a Topology for Problem Structuring. Fikret Berkes. (ed.) Common Property Resources: Ecology and Community-Based Sustainable Development. p. 127-47. Belhaven Press, London.

Keywords : co-management; commons; community-based; 2 FCM; development; sustainable development; common-property

Budhathoki, P. 1987. The Importance of Community Forestry Management in Remote Areas: Experience in Jajarkot District. Banko Janakari.1. 4. pp.24-29.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CBM (-)

Buhat, D. 1994. Community-Based Coral Reef and Fisheries Management, San Salvador Island, Philippines. Collaborative and Community-Based Management of Coral Reefs. Kumarian Press, Inc.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; San Salvador; 3 FCBM; Philippines; coral reef

Busiahn, T.R. 1989. The Development of State/Tribal Co-Management of Wisconsin Fisheries. Evelyn Pinkerton. (ed.) Co-Operative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Management and Community Development. p. 170-85. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.

Keywords : development; co-management; Cooperative; 3 FCM; Consultative; North America; status; inland fisheries; state

Abstract: This paper describes the development and status of Lake Superior and inland fishery co-managment in Wisconsin. The state was determined to reach a mutually acceptable agreement with Indian tribal governments and user groups. Negotiations have been marked by severe controversy and an emphasis on controlling political damage to state politicians and agencies forced to deal with the unpopular treaty rights issue. The negotiation process is described. Compromises were reached on several unlitigated issues on Lake Superior including harvest allocation and tribal involvement in fishery management.

B?e, T. et al. 1997. Management, co-management, or no-management? Major dilemmas in sustainable exploitation of inland fisheries in the SADC countries.

Keywords : akn; co-management; project; Southern Africa; Norway; inland fisheries

Cadelina, A.M. 1976. Fishermen's Perception of Silliman University's Sumilon Island Marine Conservation Program: Preliminary Findings. Silliman Journal.Vol. XXIII, No. 4.

Keywords : co-management; conservation; 3 FCM

Calavan, M.M. 1986. Community Management in Rural Northeastern Thailand. Community Management, Asien Experience and Perspectives. Kumarian Press.

Keywords : co-management; rural; 1 CBM; community management

Campbell, G. and D'Arcy J.Davis-Case. 1987. Notes on Framework for Approaching Participation and Information Exchange.

Keywords : co-management; participation; 1 CM (-)

Carlos, M.B. and R.S. Pomeroy. 1995. Review and Evaluation of Community-Based Coastal Resource Management Projects in the Philippines, 1984-1994. ICLARM

Keywords : co-management; evaluation; community-based; project; Philippines; research report; 2 FCBM; Denmark; workshop

Carlsson, L. 1994. Swedish Common Forests: Implementation study of collectively- owned forest lands. Lulee University, Division of political science.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 1 CM

Carrier, J.G. 1987. Marine Tenure and Conservation in Papue New Guinea. Problems in interpretation. The Question of the Commons, The Culture and Ecology of Communal Resources. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Keywords : co-management; conservation; commons; 2 FCBM

Carrier, J.G. and A.H. Carrier. 1987. Marine Tenure and Economic Reward on Ponam Island, Manus Province. John C.Cordell. (ed.) A Sea of Small Boats. Cultural Survival, Inc., Cambridge, MA.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCBM; economics

Centre for maritime study and social action.Commission of the European Communities. 1994. Report of the Seminar on credit for artisanal fisheries in West Africa. Abidjan, Ctte d'Ivoire, 16-20 September 1991. p.1Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Keywords : co-management; European Community; credit; artisanal; West Africa; Africa; Ctte d'Ivoire

Cereceda, L.E. and G. Wormald. 1991. Privatization of the sea for seaweed production in Chile. Nature & Resources.Vol. 27, No. 4. pp.31-37.

Keywords : co-management; Chile; 2 FCBM (-); commons; organizations; seaweed

Abstract: This article analyses the effects that privatization of the sea in Chile has had on small-scale fishermen engaged in common property extraction and cultivation of seaweed. During the last five years, they have become an important sector in the country, representing more than 22% of the total labour force engaged in the fishing sector. Attention is also paid to the way in which these producers have reacted to this new reality, including a look at the strengths and weaknesses that enable or impede them and/or their organizations to carry out in common their productive activities.

Cernea, M.M. 1989. User Groups as Producers in Participatory Afforestation Strategies. World Bank, Washington, DC.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CM (-); strategy

Chakalall, B. and A. Smith. 1991. Community-Based Management of Fishery Resources in the Carribean.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; commons; Canada; 3 FCBM (-); common-property

Chakalall, B. et al. 1998. Current issues in fisheries governance in the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Marine Policy.Vol. 22. No. 1. pp.29-44.

Keywords : co-management; governance; Caribbean; CARICOM; commons; organizations

Abstract: In this paper we identify the critical issues which Caribbean community (CARICOM) countries must address in defining their approach to fisheries governance. We suggest practical measures which should be taken in order to deal with these issues. Emphasis is placed on institutional reform which builds a broader institutional base for resource management than has been common in the past. Fisheries administrations need to develop partnerships with non-governmental organizations, particularly fisherfolk organizations. This includes strenghening the capacity of those organizations to participate in the management process. There is also the need to strengthen regional organizations within the Caribbean, in order that they may better manage shared resources within the region as well as participate in international management initiatives.

Chambers, R. 1983. Rural development. Putting the last first. Longman Scientific & Technical, Essex.

Keywords : co-management; rural; development; theory

Abstract: Preconceptions dominating rural development are challenged. The central theme of the book is that rural poverty is often unseen or misperceived by outsiders, those who are not themselves rural and poor. Researchers, scientists, administrators and fieldworkers rarely appreciate the richness and validity of rural people's knowledge, or the hidden nature of rural poverty. The author argues for a new professionalism, with fundamental reversals in outsiders' learning, values and behaviour, and proposes more realistic action for tackling rural poverty.

Chambers, R. et al. 1990. To the Hands of the Poor: Water and Trees. Westview Press, Boulder, CO.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CBM (-)

Charles, A.T. et al. 1995. Fisheries Socioeconomics in the Developing World. Regional assessments and an annotated bibliography.

Keywords : co-management; developing world; 1 CM; socioeconomic; bibliography

Chirwa, W.C. 1997. The Lake Malombe and Upper Shire River fisheries co-management: An assessment.University of Malawi. Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; Lake Malombe; Upper Shire; Malawi; Africa; project; strategy; rules; regulation; socio-economic

Abstract: This paper is an assessment of the Lake Malombe and Upper Shire River fisheries in co-management program. It is based on the findings of an in-depth documentation study done in the area between 1995 and 1996. The focus is on the operations of the program's institutional and administrative structures; decision-making arrangements; and the behavior and attitudes of the co-management partners The paper argues that the initiative to institute the co-management arrangements did not come from the fishing communities in the area. Instead, it came from the Fisheries Department (FD), donor agencies and other external stakeholders. As a result, the philosophical bases of the program have not taken roots. A culture of misrust and suspicion reigns between the co-management partners; and there is no clear definition of obligations and responsibilities among them. Despite these problems, there is a great deal of willingness to cooperate as all the partners perceive benefits accruing from the programs. The co-management strategy is also an important departure from the previous "top-down" approaches in which the FD was responsible for setting the rules and regulations, administering and enforcing them. The new strategy is seen as democratic and empowering, giving the fishing communities a greater say in the management of a resource on which they depend for their socio-economic well-being.

Chopra, K.R. et al. 1988. Sulhomajri and Dhamala Watersheds in Haryana: A Participatory Approach to Management. Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CM (-)

Chopra, K.R. et al. 1990. Participatory Development: People and Common Property Resources. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA.

Keywords : co-management; development; commons; 1 CM (-); common-property

Christy, F.T., Jr. 1982. Territorial Use Rights in Marine Fisheries: Definitions and Conditions. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 227.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCBM

Cohen, F.G. 1989. Treaty Indian Tribes and Washington State: The Evolution of Tribal Involvement in Fisheries Management in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Evelyn Pinkerton. (ed.) Co-Operative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Management and Community Development. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.

Keywords : co-management; state; Cooperative; development; 3FCM; Consultative; North America; Pacific; 3 FCM; Northwest

Abstract: The paper explores the traditional dimension of tribal fisheries management, its reaffirmation and delineation in U.S. v. Washington in 1974 and its development following this decision. It also provides an introductory overview of an extremely complex topic, which involves an intricate web of cultural, biological, political and legal themes. The reader is directed to works that treat Indian treaty fishing rights in more depth and details, especially Uncommon Controversy: Fishing Rights of the Muckleshoot, Puyallup and Nisqually Indians, Indian Tribes: A Continuing Quest for Survival andd Treaties on Trial: The Continuing Controversy over Northwest Indian Fishing Rights.

Cohen, F.G. and Arthur J.Hanson. 1989. Community-Based Resource Management in Canada: An Inventory of Research and Projects. Canadian Commission for UNESCO, Ottawa.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; Canada; project; 1 CBM (-)

Cook, B.A. 1994. International Cooperative Agreements. Social-Fundy herring fisheries. Marine Policy.18. 3. pp.275-283.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; 2 FCM; herring

Cooke, A. and K. Moce. 1995. Current trends in the management of qoliqoli in Fiji.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; Pacific; status

Abstract: The current management status of the Customary Fishing Rights Areas (qoliqoli) is discussed based on an eight week field research period. The research covered issues including the authority to make decisions, decision making, issue of permits, payment and distribution of goodwill, use of ecological knowledge in management measures and cooperation with the Fisheries Division.

Cordell, J. 1987. Introduction: Sea Tenure. John C.Cordell. (ed.) A Sea of Small Boats. Cultural Survival, Inc., Cambridge, MA.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM

Cordell, J. 1987. Social Marginality and Sea Tenure in Bahia. John C.Cordell. (ed.) A Sea of Small Boats. Cultural Survival, Inc., Cambridge, MA.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCBM

Cordell, J. and M.A. McKean. 1993. Sea Tenure in Bahia, Brazil. Daniel W.Bromley. (ed.) Making The Commons Work. Theory, Practice and Policy. ICS Press, Institute for Contemporary Studies, San Francisco, California.

Keywords : co-management; commons; theory; 3 FCBM; policy

Couper, A.D. and H.D. Smith. 1990. The development of fishermen-based policies.

Keywords : co-management; policy; Europe; fishing industry; property rights; quota; development

Abstract: The purpose this paper is to consider the development of fisheries management policies which are more soundly based on the interests of fishermen, with particular reference to changes in the nature of ownership of fisheries resources and the practical measures by which such changes may be managed, bearing in mind the wider context of technical management measures.

Strong emphasis is accordingly placed initially upon the nature of fishing communities, especially in Europe, including the time scales over which these have evolved, which are material to the strength and depth of fishing traditions and thus important from a management point of view. The globalisation of the fishing industry and associated development pressures are noted in this regard. Secondly, certain policy considerations are reviewed, including management objectives and techniques, the role of government, and fishermen's perceptions and responses to management measures. Thirrdly, the development of property rights are considered, including quota management and regional arrangements. Finally the significance of the role of property rights as a form of technical management are discussed in the context of changing European fisheries policy.

Crean, K. 1994. Social Objectives and the Common Fisheries Policy.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 2 FCM; Europe; policy; fishing industry; EU; development; organisation; workshop

Abstract: The paper introduces the concept of social objectives and explores how different parties involved in the fishing industry of the European Union (EU) might interpret the meaning of the phrase. The paper goes on to examine the linkages of the concept in relation to the planning, management and development matrix of a fisheries sector and briefly reviews how other organisations outside the EU have tried to develop social objectives as components of social policy in a fisheries context. In conclusion, the paper questions under what conditions in EU fisheries it would be possible to successfully implement social objectives.

Creed, C. and B.J. McCay. 1989. Dividing up the commons: Co-management of the U.S. surf clam fishery. Marine Resource Utilization.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 3 FCM; surf clam

Cruz, W. 1985. Over-Fishing and Conflict in a Traditional Fishery: A Resource Management Dilemma.

Keywords : co-management; overfishing; conflict; commons; 2 FCBM (-); technology; common-property

Dahl, C. 1988. Traditional marine tenure: A basis for artisanal fisheries management. Marine Policy. January.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCBM; artisanal

Dahl, C. 1990. Traditional Marine Tenure Systems in Micronesia: Implications for Artisanal Fisheries Management.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCBM; artisanal

Dale, N. 1989. Getting to Co-Management: Social Learning in the Redesign of Fisheries Management. Evelyn Pinkerton. (ed.) Co-Operative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Management and Community Development. p. 49-72. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; development; 2 FCM; North America; Pacific; Northwest; case study; conflict; salmon

Abstract: The paper examines the processes that led to co-management in the US Pacific Northwest. An analytical framework based on the ideas of social learning is presented. This is used to analyse the developments in the Pacific Northwest and examine the forces that lie behind social learning in this case. The lessons learned from this case study which might be useful in resolving the conflict in the Britis Columbia salmon fishery are identified.

Darus, B. 1985. The Managem. and Developm. of S.E.A. Small-Scale Fish. and the Example of the Bubun Coastal Village Developm. Project, North Sumatera Prov., Indonesia. Kenneth Ruddle. and Robert E.Johannes. (eds.) The Traditional Knowledge and Management of Coastal Systems in Asia and the Pacific. p. 209-28. UNESCO, Regional Office for Science and Technoloy for Southeast Asia, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Keywords : co-management; project; Indonesia; Asia; Pacific; 2 FCBM (-)

 David, A. and D. MacInnes. 1990. Captured and Converting: The Institutionalization of Small Boat Fishing and the Demise of Fisher Self-Management.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 2 FCBM (-); common-property

 Davis, A. and S. Jentoft. 1989. Ambivalent Co-operators: Organisational Slack and Utilitarian Rationality in an Eastern Nova Scotian Fisheries Co-operative.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; 3 FCM (-); rationality

 Davis, S. 1987. Aboriginal Tenure of the Sea in Arnhem Land, Northern Australia. John C.Cordell. (ed.) A Sea of Small Boats. Cultural Survival, Inc., Cambridge, MA

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM; Australia

Davis, S. 1985. Traditional Management of the Littoral Zone among the Yolngu of North Australia. Kenneth Ruddle. and Robert E.Johannes. (eds.) The Traditional Knowledge and Management of Coastal Systems in Asia and the Pacific. p. 103-24. UNESCO, Regional Office for Science and Technology for Southeast Asia. Jakarta, Indonesia.

Keywords : co-management; Asia; Pacific; 1 FCBM (-); Australia

Davis-Case, D. 1989. Community Forestry: Participatory Assessment, Monitoring and Evaluation. Food and Agriculture Organization. Rome.

Keywords : co-management; evaluation; 1 CM (-)

Davis-Case, D. 1991. Relating Partnership and Power to Common Property Resource Management in Developing Aid.

Keywords : co-management; commons; Canada; 1 CM (-); aid; common-property

Dewees, C.M. 1990. Industry and Government Negotiation: Communication and Change in New Zealand's Individual Transferable Quota System.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM; quota; government

Dhruva Narayana, V.V., et al. 1986. Peoples Participation in Watershed Management: A Good Means.

Keywords : co-management; participation; 1 CM (-)

Diemer, G. and E.C.W.v. Laan. 1983. Using Indigenous Skills and Institutions in Small-Scale Irrigation: An Example from Senegal. Agricultural Administration Unit, Overseas Development Institute, London.

Keywords : co-management; institutions; 1 CM (-); network; Senegal

Donda, S. 1997. Fisheries co-management in Malawi. Case study of Lake Chiuta fisheries. Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; Malawi; case study; Lake Chiuta; project; overfishing; Lake Malombe; Denmark

Abstract: This research work has been inspired by the search for a better fisheries management system for the various fisheries of Malawi. The current management system in use has proved to be either inappropriate or ineffective. This conclusion has been reached because, despite the fact that the current management system has been implemented for more than twenty years (management systems have been in force in Malawi since July 1974), indications of localised overfishing have been noticed in various water bodies.

Knowing that fisheries management is more about people than it is about fish, and that to try and manage a fisheries resource without considering the people who harvest this resource is naive. An alternative fisheries management system was identified either to replace or supplement the current one, depending on its success, and this is the co-management approach. This approach allows the fishers to participate along side the government in managing the fish resource.

The purpose of this study therefore, is to assess the potential of fisheries co-management in the various fisheries of Malawi. This is the first in a series of three case studies to be carried out. The second and third case studies will be conducted in Lake Malombe, Mangochi, and around Mbenje Island in Salima district respectively.

Donda, S.J. 1997. Fisheries co-management in Malawi. Case study of Lake Chiuta fisheries.

Keywords : co-management; Malawi; case study; Lake Chiuta; workshop

Doubleday, N.C. 1989. Co-Management Provisions of the Inuvialuit Final Agreement. Evelyn Pinkerton. (ed.) Co-Operative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Management and Community Development. p. 209-27. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; development; 2 FCM; Advisory; North America; regulation; rules; policy; evaluation

Abstract: This paper describes the Inuvialuit Agreement signed in 1985. Negotiated provisions created specific relationships between an aboriginal people and the government. The Fisheries Joint Management committee has substantial powers with respect to formulation of legislation and regulations and makes recommendations on other management and exclusion rules. It is considered an advisory co-management regime where the Committee advises the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans of regulations, research, policies and administration of fisheries in the region. However, the test of co-management and the evaluation of its success or failure await the process of implementation.

Doulman, D.J. 1993. Community-Based Fisheries Management. Towards the restoration of traditional practices in the South Pacific. Marine Policy.Vol. 17, No. 2. pp.108-117.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; Pacific; 2 FCBM

Drolet, C.A. et al. 1986. Sharing Wildlife Management Responsibilities with Native Groups: Case Histories in Northern Quebec. Transactions of the 52nd North American Wildlife and National Resources Conference 52. p. 389-98.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CM (-)

Drucker, D. 1986. Ask a Silly Question, Get a Silly Answer-Community Participation and the Demystification of Health Care. Community Management, Asien Experience and Perspectives. Kumarian Press.

Keywords : co-management; participation; 1 CM; community management

Dubbink, W. and M.v. Vliet. 1995. From ITQ to co-management? Comparing the usefulness of markets and co-management illustrated by the Dutch Flatfish sector.

Keywords : co-management; indsats; effort; itq; market; Holland; Netherlands; oecd

Dubbink, W. and M.v. Vliet. 1996. Market regulation versus co-management? Two perspectives on regulating fisheries compared. Marine Policy.Vol. 20. No. 6. pp.499-516.

Keywords : indsats; market; regulation; co-management; Netherlands

Abstract: The crisis of fisheries management is also a crisis of governability; somehow governments almost everywhere seem to run into trouble while managing fisheries. This article compares two alternative styles of regulation that are put forward as solutions to this crisis: market-based regulation and co-management. In particular the contradiction is analyzed between an apparently strong theoretical basis for market-based regulation and actual practice which often opts for co-management. The theoretical basis of the market-based perspective is challenged and on the bais of an analysis of flatfishery management in the Netherlands, it is concluded that there are often sound arguments for restructuring the management responsibilites between public authories and civil society.

Durrenberger, E.P. and G. Palsson. 1987. The Grass Roots and the State. Resource Management in Icelandic Fishing. The Question of the Commons, The Culture and Ecology of Communal Resources. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Keywords : co-management; state; commons; 2 FCM

Early, A.C. and B.U. Bagadion. 1981. Custom Fit Design of Farm Ditches: A Participatory Approach to Making Irrigation Systems Responsive to the Needs of the Farmers. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CM (-)

El Nido Protected Area Foundation. 1996. Final report on "The development of management plan for el Nido marine reserve". Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; development; El Nido; Palawan; Philippines; project

Eskesen, M. 1995. Danish seine fishing from Thybor?n. Insiders and outsiders in regulation and the local knowledge of fishing technologies.

Keywords : co-management; regulation; technology; commons; Denmark; Thybor?n; common-property

Eythorsson, E. 1995. Who should have a voice in management of local marine resources? Some comments on the common property debate and the design of co-management institution for North-Norwegian fjord fisheries.

Keywords : co-management; commons; Norway; 3 FCM; institution; institutions; participation; common-property

Abstract: The paper discusses the concept of the management of common property resources and some of the problems of reforming or disigning co-management institutions, including the question of participation.

Fallon, L. and C. Thia-Eng. 1990. Towards Stengthening Policy and Strategic Orientation for Fisheries Resource Management : The Role of Coastal Area Management. Tropical Coastal Area Management. ICLARM

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCBM (-); policy; tropical

FAO Fisheries Department. 1997. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture. 1996. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States, Rome

Keywords : co-management; state; aquaculture; globalization; development; trade; economics

Abstract: The increasing globalization of the world economy means that now, more than ever, those working in the fishery sector need to be able to monitor and analyse international developments. Thanks to the continuing information explosion, there is no shortage of data on world fisheries. However, much of this body of information is very local in scope and needs to be monitored, evaluated and consolidated before it can be of use to senior fishery managers. "The state of the world fisheries and aquaculture 1996" aims to do this by collecting and anlysing global information about recent developments in the sector. It is divided into four parts: a World review which reports on trends in world production, utilization and trade of fish and fishery products; an In-depth study of marine fishery landings for the period 1950 to 1994; a Regional review which reviews recent developments in fisheries and aquaculture in eight regions; and summaries of the Fishery activities of 14 economic groups.

FAO Fisheries Department. 1997. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture. 1996. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States, Rome

Keywords : state; aquaculture; co-management; globalization; development; trade; economics

Abstract: The increasing globalization of the world economy means that now, more than ever, those working in the fishery sector need to be able to monitor and analyse international developments. Thanks to the continuing information explosion, there is no shortage of data on world fisheries. However, much of this body of information is very local in scope and needs to be monitored, evaluated and consolidated before it can be of use to senior fishery managers. "The state of the world fisheries and aquaculture 1996" aims to do this by collecting and anlysing global information about recent developments in the sector. It is divided into four parts: a World review which reports on trends in world production, utilization and trade of fish and fishery products; an In-depth study of marine fishery landings for the period 1950 to 1994; a Regional review which reviews recent developments in fisheries and aquaculture in eight regions; and summaries of the Fishery activities of 14 economic groups.

FAO. 1982. Farmers' Participation and Organization for Irrigation Water Management. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.

Keywords : co-management; participation; organizations; development; 1 CM (-)

FAO. 1988. Community Forestry: Leassons from Case Studies in Asia and the Pacific Region. Food and Agriculture Organization, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok.

Keywords : co-management; case study; Asia; Pacific; 1 CBM (-)

FAO. 1989. Local Knowledge and Systems of Natural Resource Management in Arid and Semi-Arid Africa. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.

Keywords : co-management; Africa; 1 CBM (-)

FAO. 1993. FAO/Japan expert consultation on the development of community- based coastal fishery management systems for Asia and the Pacific. Food and Agricultural Organization.

Keywords : co-management; development; Asia; Pacific; 3 FCBM

Feeny, D. 1993. Where Do We Go from Here? Implications for the Research Agenda. Daniel W.Bromley. (ed.) Making The Commons Work. Theory, Practice and Policy. ICS Press, Institute for Contemporary Studies, San Francisco, California.

Keywords : co-management; commons; theory; 1 CM; policy

Feeny, D. 1994. Frameworks for Understanding Resource Management on the Commons. R.S.Pomeroy. (ed.) Community management and common property of coastal fisheries in Asia and the Pacific: concepts, methods and experiences. p. 20-33.

Keywords : co-management; commons; Asia; Pacific; method; 1 CM; community management; common-property

Feeny, D. et al. 1990. The Tragedy of the Commons: Twenty-Two Years Later. Human Ecology.Vol. 18. No. 1.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 3 FCM; tragedy of the commons

Fellizar, F.P. et al. 1997. Analysis of policies and policy instruments relevant to the management of fisheries/aquatic resources with emphasis on local level issues and concerns.SEAMEO Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) & ICLARM Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; local level; Philippines; policy

Ferrer, E. 1989. Prospects for Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries in the Lingayen Gulf Area. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 17, 200 p.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCBM

Ferrer, E. 1992. Learning and Working Together: Towards A Community-Based Coastal Resource Management.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; development; 3 FCBM

Ferrer, E.M. 1989. Session III: Coastal Area Management for Sustainable Development. People's Participation in Coastal Area Management. Coastal area management in Southeast Asia: policies, management strategies and case studies. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 19.

Keywords : co-management; development; participation; Asia; case study; 1 CM; policy; sustainable development; strategy

Ferrer, E.M. 1991. Territorial use rights in fisheries and the management of artificial reefs in the Philippines. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 22, 455 p. National University of Singapore

Keywords : co-management; Philippines; 2 FCBM

Fine, D. 1997. A marine fisheries policy for South Africa. A summary of the White paper by the Chief Directorate of Sea Fisheries of the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Cape Town. pp.1-23.

Keywords : co-management; policy; South Africa; Africa; akn; White Paper; tourism

Firmin-Sellers, K. 1996. Introduction. The transformation of property rights in the Gold Coast. An empirical analysis applying rational choice theory. Introduction, p. 1-18. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Keywords : akn; co-management; property rights; choice; theory; institutions; poverty; Africa; Gold Coast; Ghana; case study; economics; development; rational choice

Abstract: One of Africa's greatest tragedies is its apparent inability to take advantage of the continent's abundant natural resources. While African countries constantly battle famine and poverty, only on fifth of the continent's 2.5 billion acres of arable land is cultivated. Although social scientists cite myriad reasons for this tragedy, the underlying and exacerbating factor is the nature of African land tenure. Throughout Africa, property rights to land are fluid and insecure. The result is that the farmer or entrepreneur who claims land under one property rights system is left uncertain when or if others will challenge his claim.

This book explores the complex political process by which property rights are defined and enforced in two traditional states in colonial Ghana. The case studies ask how colonial institutions transformed indigenous political and economic life; and how colonization and decolonization affected prospects for future economic development and stability in Africa.

The introductory chapter outlines a theory for the transformation of property rights. The remaining chapters apply this formal theory through an empirical analysis of the transformation of property rights within an African context. These chapters draw explicitly on rational choice theories to analyze indigenous actors' attempts to redefine and enforce property rights to land by "reinventing" the traditions of their respective communities. These theories help to explain why property rights systems across Africa remain fluid and insecure.

Firmin-Sellers, K. 1996. The transformation of property rights in the Gold Coast. An empirical analysis applying rational choice theory. Alt JE and North DC. Political economy of institutions and decisions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Keywords : co-management; property rights; choice; theory; institutions; poverty; Africa; Gold Coast; Ghana; case study; economics; development; rational choice; akn

Abstract: One of Africa's greatest tragedies is its apparent inability to take advantage of the continent's abundant natural resources. While African countries constantly battle famine and poverty, only on fifth of the continent's 2.5 billion acres of arable land is cultivated. Although social scientists cite myriad reasons for this tragedy, the underlying and exacerbating factor is the nature of African land tenure. Throughout Africa, property rights to land are fluid and insecure. The result is that the farmer or entrepreneur who claims land under one property rights system is left uncertain when or if others will challenge his claim.

This book explores the complex political process by which property rights are defined and enforced in two traditional states in colonial Ghana. The case studies ask how colonial institutions transformed indigenous political and economic life; and how colonization and decolonization affected prospects for future economic development and stability in Africa.

The introductory chapter outlines a theory for the transformation of property rights. The remaining chapters apply this formal theory through an empirical analysis of the transformation of property rights within an African context. These chapters draw explicitly on rational choice theories to analyze indigenous actors' attempts to redefine and enforce property rights to land by "reinventing" the traditions of their respective communities. These theories help to explain why property rights systems across Africa remain fluid and insecure.

Fisheries Policies Development Committee. 1997. White Paper. A marine fisheries policy for South Africa. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Cape Town. pp.1-46.

Keywords : co-management; policy; South Africa; Africa; akn; White Paper

Fleming, M. and Brian Fleming. 1991. The Role of Traditional Knowledge in Community-Based Management of an Eiderdown Industry Developing in Northern Canada.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; Canada; commons; 1 CBM (-); common-property

Flores, E. 1992. Community-Based Coastal Fishery Management in the Philippines: A Review on Small Islands Coral Reef Fishery Management.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; Philippines; rural; 3 FCBM; coral reef; workshop

Foltz, C. et al. 1995. Proceedings of the Visayas-Wide Conference on Community-Based Coastal Resources Management and Fisheries Co-Management.ICLARM, Manila. Fisheries Co-management Research Report.

Keywords : community-based; co-management; Visayas; research report

Fong, G.M. 1994. Case Study Of A Traditional Marine Management System: Sasa Village, Macuata Province, Fiji. Case studies on traditional marine management systems in the South Pacific. South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency & FAO, Rome. 1. pp.1-85.

Keywords : co-management; case study; 3 FCBM; Pacific; project

Fortman, B.d.G. 1990. Research Seminars. Rural Development Studies. Entitlement and Development: An Institutional Approach to the Acquirement Problem.

Keywords : co-management; rural; development; 1 CM

Fox, J. 1992. The Problem of Scale in Community, Resource Management. Environmental Management.Vol. 16, No. 3. pp.289-297.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCM

Freeman, M.M.R. 1989. The Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission: Successful Co-Management under Extreme Conditions. Evelyn Pinkerton. (ed.) Co-Operative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Management and Community Development. p. 137-53. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; development; 1 CM; Alaska

Gamble, D.J. 1987. The Vital Role of Citizen's Groups in Water Resource Management.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CM (-)

Gardner, J.E. 1991. Environmental Non-governmental Organizations and Management of Water Resources in the Fraser River Basin.

Keywords : co-management; organizations; commons; Canada; 1 CM (-); common-property

Gardner, R. and E. Ostrom. 1991. Rules and games. Public Choice.70. pp.121-169.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CM; rules

Gardner, R. et al. 1990. The Nature of Common-Pool Resource Problems. Rationality and Society.Vol. 2, No. 3. pp.335-358.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CM

Gellar, S. 1981. Planning, Management, and Participatory Development Issues in Irrigation Projects: A Select Annotated Bibliography. Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (CILSS), Ougadougou, Upper Volta.

Keywords : co-management; development; project; organizations; economics; 1 CM (-); planning; bibliography

Geoghegan, T. 1984. An Experiment in Participatory Resource Management: A Case from St. Lucia. St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands: Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management Program.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM (-)

Geoghegan, T. and V. Barzetti. 1994. Protected areas and community management. Community & the Environment. Lessons from the Caribbean. pp.1-9.

Keywords : co-management; environment; Caribbean; community-based; community management

Gorham, A. et al. 1986. Fishery access control programs worldwide: Proceedings of the workshop on management options for the North Pacific Longline fisheries. Mollett, N. (ed.) Alaska Sea Grant, Report No. 86-4. Alaska Sea Grant College Program, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska.

Keywords : workshop; Pacific; longline; co-management; indsats; effort; Alaska

Groenewold, W.G.F. 1994. An updated review on population and development dynamics in rural fishing communities. p.1Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Keywords : co-management; development; rural

Groenfeldt, D. 1990. A Comparative Look at Farmer Participation in Agency-Managed Irrigation Systems.

Keywords : co-management; participation; commons; 1 CM (-); common-property

Gurung, C.P. 1981. People's Participation in Local Level Planning: A Case Study from Nepal.Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok.

Keywords : co-management; participation; local level; case study; 1 CM (-); planning

Gurung, S.B.(.). 1988. Planning with People: Decentralization in Nepal. Gurung, S.B. and Prodipto Roy. (eds.) Orient Longman, New Delhi.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CM (-); planning

Hachongela, P. et al. 1996. An analysis of emerging co-management arrangements. The Zambian and Zimbabwean inshore fisheries of Lake Kariba. Sen, S. (ed.)IFM & ICLARM, Hirtshals & Manila. Fisheries Co-management Research Project.

Keywords : co-management; Kariba; case study; Zambia; Zimbabwe; Africa; Southern Africa; project

Haines, A.K. 1982. Traditional Concepts and Practices and Inland Fisheries Management. Morauta, L. et al, (eds.) Traditional Conservation in Papua New Guinea: Implications for Today. 30, p. 279-91. Institute of Applied Social and Economic Research, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.

Keywords : co-management; conservation; 2 FCBM (-); inland fisheries; Papua New Guinea

Hale, L.Z. 1994. Coral Reef Protection in Phuket, Thailand: A Step Toward Integrated Coastal Management. Collaborative and Community-Based Management of Coral Reefs: Lessons from Experience. Kumarian Press, Inc.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; 3 FCBM (-); coral reef

Hall, C.J. 1994. Co-Management: A Strategy for Natural Resource Management. Center for Development Studies.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CM (-); strategy

Halldsrsson, V.J. 1996. Trading fish at Lake Malombe and Lake Malawi in Africa. pp.1-52.

Keywords : co-management; Malawi; Africa; Lake Malombe; Lake Malawi

Hallenstvedt, A. 1995. Regulations, control and enforcement: The West-Nordic countries.

Keywords : co-management; enforcement; commons; 2 FCM; Bod? '95; regulation; Norway; common-property

Halliday, R.G. et al. 1992. Development of management measures for the groundfish fishery in Atlantic Canada. A Case study of the Nova Scotia inshore fleet. Marine Policy. November.

Keywords : co-management; development; Canada; case study; 2 FCM; Atlantic; Nova Scotia

Hancock, J. 1993. Fishery Sector Program-Coastal Resource Management (FSP-CRM) Phase I in Carigara Bay -The Organizing and Collaboration Experience of LABRADOR, Inc. Our Seas, our Life (Proc. of the Seminar-Workshop on CB-CRM). p. 28-38. Voluntary Services Overseas.

Keywords : co-management; 3 FCBM

Hanna, S. 1990. The Eighteenth Century English Commons: A Model for Ocean Management. Ocean & Shoreline Management.14.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 1 CBM; model

Hanna, S.S. 1990. Sustainable Fisheries Management: Guidance from the 18th Century Agricultural Commons.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 1 FCM (-); common-property

Hanna, S.S. 1991. Participation of Fishermen and Social Scientists in Fishery Management Decisions: A Case Study of the Pacific Fisheries Management Council.

Keywords : co-management; participation; case study; Pacific; commons; 3 FCM; Cooperative; North America; Canada; model; development; common-property

Abstract: This paper examines the conditions under which the participation in fishery management can create a vested interest among fishermen in the success of management outcomes. Examples of user- participation in different fishery management settings are reviewed. Concepts of exit, voice and loyalty are used to model fisherman participation in management and the creation of vested interest. A case study of a management process established by the Pacific Fishery Management Council is used as an example. Several steps in the development of a license limitation program for Pacific groundfish are analysed within the context of the exdt, voice and loyalty model. Finally, conditions necessary for effective participation of fishermen are discussed.

Hanna, S.S. 1992. Interaction between shellfish and groundfish fisheries on the west coast: Implications for system management. Journal of Shellfish Research.Vol. 11.

Keywords : co-management; shellfish; case study; economics; strategy; fishing industry; conservation; Oregon; USA

Abstract: This case study of Oregon shellfish and finfish fisheries illustrate two principles which have application to other fisheries with multifishery activity. The first principle is that economic factors, although often not explicitly incorporated into management plans, are often instrumental in creating linkages between fisheries and so affect the efficacy of management plans. The second principle is that when linkages exist, management of fisheries must proceed on a level which recognizes these linkages and accounts for multifishery fishing strategies.

The definition of the legitimate players' comes from the context of the fishery itself. Coordinated planning, to be successful, will have to involve representation of all the commercial fishery constituents; i.e. fishery managers, fishing industry, and consumers. Also necessary is a clear definition of objectives for the fishery system beyond the basic conservation goals. Co-management by managers and industry has taken various forms in the Oregon crab, shrimp and groundfish fisheries.

Hanna, S.S. and C.L. Smith. 1993. Resolving allocation conflicts in fishery management. Natural Resources.Vol. 6.

Keywords : co-management; conflict; North America; development; rules; conservation; regulation; Pacific; salmon; halibut; case study; General

Abstract: According to the authors' view o the U.S. fisheries, the relative importance of fisheries management decisions change as fisheries develop through different stages, creating different degrees of conflict as they mature. In the first phase of fishery development, the management decisions are aimed at sustainable yields. The next phase of management are when the rules for fishery operation are set in place. In these two phases, management decisions tend to generate little conflict. But in the allocation phase, decisions concerned with dividing a limited fish stock among competing user-groups create much conflict. As conservation needs become more important, tighter regulations are required, and a smaller allowable catch (TAC) is divided among the users, increasing allocation conflicts further.

The authors present four cases of Pacific U.S. fishery allocation conflicts among (1) commercial- recreational users (salmon fishery of Cape Falcon, Oregon), (2) treaty-nontreaty fishermen (Puget Sound salmon fishery), (3) fixed gear-trawl gear groups (West coast sable fish fishery, Oregon), and (4) multi- users of Pacific halibut fishery.

The paper examines mechanisms employed for the resolution of these conflicts. The authors identify the main causes of conflicts in these case studies as (a) increases in the size and effectiveness of the fishers, (b) stabilization or decline in the resource base, (c) misunderstandings and cultural differences among user-groups, and (a) lack of clearly defined goals.

The authors deduce that, in general, there are two approaches to the resolution of conflict. the authoritative approach that imposes a solution on user-groups - which historically has been the approach employed in U.S. fisheries, and the partcipatory approach which involves the sharing of decision-making by the user- groups. A successful example of the latter approach is illustrated by the first case study.

The future direction of fishery conflicts is projected to be expansion of fishery-specific conflicts into more general resource system conflicts. Such multifaceted conflicts, the authors argue, cannot be worked out authoritatively but require a participatory process. Fisheries management will have to be viewed in the broader context of relationships of diverse uses of aquatic resources.

Hanna, S.S. 1991. Creating user group vested interest in fishery management outcomes. A case study of the Pacific Fishery Management council.

Keywords : co-management; case study; Pacific; commons; participation; model; development; Canada; common-property

Abstract: This paper examines the conditions under which the participation in fishery management can create a vested interest among fishermen in the success of management outcomes. Examples of user participation in different fishery management settings are reviewed. Concepts of exit, voice and loyalty are used to model fisherman participation in management and the creation of vested interest. A case study of a management process established by the Pacific Fishery Management Council is used as an example. Several steps in the development of a license limitation program for Pacific groundfish are analyzed within the context of the exit, voice, and loyalty model. Finally, conditions necessary for effective participation of fishermen are discussed.

Hanna, S.S. 1995. User participation and fishery management performance within the Pacific Fishery Management Council. Ocean and Coastal Management.Vol.28. pp.23-44.

Keywords : co-management; participation; Pacific; 3 FCM; North America; economics; resilience; development; individual quota; quota; case study

Abstract: Fish populations have the potential to contribute to the longterm economic and social benefit of humans, but to do so they must be managed in ways which maintain ecological health. There are many ways that management performance can be assessed, but four measures are particularly pertinent to to sustainability: equity, stewardship, regulatory resilience, and efficiency. A key factor in management performance is the process by which management tools are developed and implemented. One approach that has been recommended to improve performance is to structure the management process around industry participation. The paper analyses three case studies of user participation in ad hoc processes of Pacific groundfish management: the development of a license limitation program, an inter-gear sablefish allocation, and the development of a sablefish individual quota programme. The case studies illustrate the role played by participation in contributing to equity, stewardship, resilience, and efficiency of the management process. The effect of user participation was mixed in the three cases, depending on the history of participation, the structure and process of participation, on resource conditions and on the characteristics of the programme under consideration. Participation can contribute positively to fishery management performance when there is a history of collecive decision-making, the time line is slow enough to allow full consideration of the issues, educational possibilities are pursued and the condition of the resource allows equitable compromises.

Hanna, S. 1995. Industry Participation and Fishery Management Performance.

Keywords : co-management; participation; commons; 3 FCM; common-property

Hanna, S. et al. 1995. Property rights and environmental resources. Hanna, S. and M. Munasinghe (eds.) Property rights and the environment. Social and ecological issues. p. 15-29. The Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics and The World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Keywords : co-management; property rights; environment; ecology; socio-economic; rules; tragedy of the commons; commons; poverty; policy

Abstract: Here it is argues that property rights are fundamental to the use of environmental resources. Most environmental problems can be seen as problems of incomplete, inconsistent, or unenforced property rights regimes. Property rights regimes comprise property rights, the bundles of entitlements regarding rsource use, and property rules, the rules under which those entitlements are exercised. They exist in a variety of combinations of ownership, locus of control, and the rights and duties of owners. Property rights regimes are necessary but not sufficient conditions for resource sustainability. The "tragedy of the commons" is an environmental outcome that results from an inadequate specification of property rights to environmental services. Also important is the consistency of property rights with social goals for equity, efficiency and sustainability, and the enforceability of resource use rules. No single type of regime can be prescribed as a remedy for problems of resource degradation and overuse. Certain components of property rights regimes are critical to their function, including design principles, the mechanisms by which they link the human and ecological systems, the mechanisms by which resources in different political regimes are coordinated, and the role of poverty. Policy addressing environmental problems must focus on general principles of property rights regimes and on the context in which they are placed. It is concluded that interdisciplinary work of social scientists and natural scientists offers the greatest hope for the understanding of the interaction of humans with environmental resources through property rights regimes.

Hanna, S. et al. 1995. Property rights and the environment. Social and ecological issues. Hanna, S. and M. Munasinghe (eds.) The Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics and The World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Keywords : co-management; property rights; environment; ecology; socio-economic

Hanna, S. et al. 1995. Property rights in a social and ecological context. Case studies and design applications. Hanna, S. and M. Munasinghe (eds.) The Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics and The World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Keywords : co-management; property rights; environment; ecology; socio-economic; case study

Hannesson, R. and J. Kurien. 1988. Studies on the Role of Fishermen's Organizations in Fisheries Management. FAO

Keywords : organizations; 2 FCM; co-management; 2 FCM (-); agriculture; organisation; Japan; New Zealand; Norway; Canada; United Kingdom; economics; conservation; technology; development; artisanal; India; Indonesia; Philippines

Abstract: This document contains two papers on the role of fishermen's organisations in fisheries management. The paper by Hannesson discusses the pros and cons of giving fishermens organisations specific roles in fisheries management. It reviews the practical experiences of groups and organisations of fishermen in fisheries management in a number of industrialised countries including Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Canada and the United Kingdom, as documented in the literature. Hannesson stresses that the outcome of giving fishermens organisations a say in fishehes management depends crucially on the economic framework and philosophy prevailing in each country. On theoretical grounds, he contends that a pseudo-market solution i.e. the allocation of private property rights accompanied by (i) an approphate tax system to prevent a concentration of profits and incomes and (ii) conditionality of transferability to avoid concentration ownership, may best achieve the twin objectives of efficiency and equity. The paper by Kurien sets out with a historic-cultural review of small-scale fisheries in the Indo-Pacific region. Traditionally, many communities had adopted well integrated systems of governing fishing practices and rights of access to the sea. Resources conservation was not a deliberate act but was built into the production system through appropriate technology and modes of production. With the onset of 'planned development", traditional conservationist values and communal control of fishery resources were construed as barriers to development. Capital-intensive erowth, spurred by profitable export demand, created a wide disparity in the access capability and appropriation of fishery resources to the disadvantage of artisanal fishing communtities. Concomitantly, excessive levels of fishing effort led to overexploitation of fishery resources. The increasing number of the new genre of vocal fishworkers' organisations in the region is the direct consequence of this process. On the basis of three case studies from India, Indonesia and the Philippines, Kurien illustrates how fishermens organisations have strongly influenced governments decisions to intiate steps for fisheries management, though their concrete involvement in the actual process of fisheries management is still small. Kurien concludes that for these organisations to fulfill more formalised roles in fisheries management they would require more recognition and support from governments and national and international organisations.

Hara, M. 1997. Problems of introducing community participation in fisheries management: Lessons from the Lake Malombe and Upper Shire River (Malawi) participatory fisheries management programme.

Keywords : co-management; participation; Lake Malombe; Malawi; Africa; Southern Africa; Upper Shire

Abstract: The problems encountered in the introduction of co-management in the fisheries of Lake Malmbe and the Upper Shire river in Malawi have been in the areas of institutional design and arrangements, delivery and timing of programme components being implemented by other organisations, division of responsibilities, sustainability issues and financial commitment of the government and communities to the programme. Possible reasons for these problems and how they are affecting or might affect the successful introduction of the new programme are discussed, and recommendations for improving the weak areas of the programme are made.

Harkes, I. 1997. Measuring success of co-management and CBRM.

Keywords : co-management; Philippines; project; evaluation; organisation

Abstract: This paper aims to facilitate a discussion on how to measure success of co-management (or CBRM). In the Philippines during the 1980s and 1990s over a hundred projects were initialised. An ICLARM evaluation by Pomeroy and Carlos (1997) showed that less than 20% of these projects was successful in the sense that the organisation still existed and project implementations were maintained after the project terminated. Another study by Pomeroy and Pollnac et al. (1996) revealed that project success as defined by the project staff is different than the perception of success by the local community. There is a discrepacy in measurement, and also in perception of success that needs to be resolved. This presentation aims to provide the basis for a discussion of these issues.

Harkes, I. 1997. Institutional resilience discussed in the Moluccan context.

Keywords : resilience; co-management; Philippines; rules; institution; regulation; sasi; Indonesia; Molucca

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to discuss the concept of institutional resiliency and how to measure it. Institutional resiliency can be defined as the ability of institutional rights and rules, and organisational arrangements to absorb and deal with changes and shocks before they change their structure. The three main components of an institution are the rules, the regulations and the objective. Central in the analysis is the ability of an institution to adapt itself to change without losing its original function. Institutional resilience will be explained in the context of sasi laut, a local management institution in the Moluccas (Indonesia).

Hasegawa, A. et al. 1995. Self management and co-management of coastal fisheries in Japan.

Keywords : indsats; effort; co-management; Japan; law; economics; community-based; growth; method; theory; General

Abstract: In Japan various forms of community based fisheries management have been implemented based on regional fishery cooperatives which depend on the fishery system including fishery laws. This paper is intended to present a comprehensive picture of community based fisheries management as they stand now and to describe its various forms, contents and related economic structure.

Community based fisheries management in Japan are organized and implemented by fishermen's groups on a voluntary basis in a way to suit their situation. Therefore, the contents vary distinctly according to types of target stocks, growth stages, types of fishing gear and fishing methods, characteristics of fishing communities involved and business performance. Consequently, it is rather necessary to formulate new forms of procedures so as to meet the types of target species, growth stages, types and scale of fishing gear and fishing methods as well as the characteristics of fishing community and business milieu.

This paper first describes in Section 2 about the present situation and characteristics of fishery management enforced in Japan by fishermen's self-determination on the basis of the results of the 8th fishery census and other data. It also discusses the background of economic theory of fishery management based on sustainable production in fisheries. In Section 3, it deals with the management of recruited stocks, management for maintaining fish prices and management method for fishing ground utilization In Section 4, it purports to take up the issue of stock management programs (which are termed as co-management) to show the roles played by the nation's fishery systems and the Administration, with a view to elucidate the general picture of self-management and co-management now being implemented in Japan.

Hasler, R. 1993. Political Ecologies of Scale and the Multi-Tiered co-management of Zimbabwean Wildlife Resources under Campfire. CASS Occasional Paper - NRM.

Keywords : co-management; 1 CM

Hersoug, B. 1996. Fishing in a sea of sharks - reconstruction and development in the South African fishing industry.

Keywords : co-management; akn; state; policy; economics; South Africa; Africa; fishing industry; development

Abstract: Through the Reconstruction and Development Program (RDP), programs for nearly all sectors of the South African economy have been drawn up, trying to link reconstruction and development with the gradual transformation of the whole state administration. In the particular field of fisheries the original RDP-document states that "the primary objective of fisheries policy is the upliftment of impoverished coastal communities through improved access to marine resources and the sustainable managent of those resources through appropriate strategies.

Is it possible to reconcile justice and more equal distribution with the goal of economic efficiency?

Hersoug, B. 1996. Same procedure as last year? Same procedure as every year! Some reflections on South Africa's new fisheries policy.

Keywords : co-management; policy; South Africa; Africa

Hersoug, B. and S.A. Renes. 1993. "What is good for the fishermen, is good for the nation?": Co-management in the Norwegian fishing industry in the 1990s.

Keywords : effort; indsats; co-management; fishing industry; Norway; institutional theory; model

Abstract: This paper analyses the concept of "co-management" and tries to explain why co-management has recently become of importance to different types of fisheries administrations. A preliminary analytical framework based on institutional theory is sketched initially. The Norwegian fishing industry is then briefly described, before turning to the existing co-management system, which is called, in the Norwegian context, "centrally directed consultation". Subsequently, the challenges to the present system are presented, and possible alternative models are discussed. The final section is devoted to the lessons that may be acquired from the Norwegian experience, but with special emphasis on the particular background of Norway and its historical setting.

Hess, C. 1995. The virtual CPR: The Internet as a local and global common pool resource.

Keywords : co-management; commons; 1 CM; Bod? '95; common-property

Hinton, P. 1990. An Approach to the Study of Traditional Systems of Coastal Resources Management in Thailand.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCBM (-)

Hirasawa, Y. 1990. Coastal Fishery and Fishery Rights.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCBM

Hirsch, P. 1992. Community Resource Management and Political-Economic Restructuring in Mainland Southeast Asia.

Keywords : co-management; Asia; 1 CBM (-); Northwest; British Columbia

Hoefnagel, E. and W. Smit. 1995. Experiences in Dutch co-management of marine fish resources.

Keywords : indsats; effort; co-management; quota; economics; Netherlands

Abstract: In this issue-paper different aspects of two and a half years of co-management experiences in Dutch fisheries are described. Management's design as well as government's and fishermen's perspective on the new management scheme are elucidated. It is examined whether the new management scheme leads to an efficient quota management and whether co-management improves the distribution of net benefits. Main results are: Government as well as fishermen are rather positive on the functioning of the co-management system. Since the implementation of the co-management system, the sector still adhered to the quota as a whole and fleet capacity did not increase. The fleet succeeded in a more economic usage of the quota. Income differences are not diminished in a substantial way since the establishment of the groups.

Hoel, A.H. 1990. Institusjonaliseringen av ressursforvaltningen og implementering av flerbestandsforvaltning.

Keywords : co-management; 2 FCM

Hoel, A.H. et al. 1995. Problems of user-group participation in Norwegian fisheries management.

Keywords : co-management; participation; 3 FCM; Consultative; Norway; Europe; fishing industry; organizations; conflict

Abstract: The current crisis in the Norwegian fishing industry has triggered a public debate on the efficacy of fisheries management, with special attention being paid to the role of user-groups in regulatory decision-making. Demands are being made for drastic changes in management structures, and the national Regulatory Council has come under heavy fire. The paper describes the organization of the Norwegian system of fisheries management, with special emphasis on the problems of user-group representation. The inherent conflicts of interest within the Regulatory Council will be addressed, as well as the role of the Norwegian Fishermen's Association.

Hoeven, G.v. et al. 1994. Socio-economic surveys in fisheries in Africa. An annotated bibliography. p.1Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Keywords : co-management; socio-economic; Africa; bibliography

Holm, P. 1995. Fisheries management and the domestication of nature.

Keywords : co-management; commons; common-property; Norway

Horemans, B. and A. Jallow. 1997. Present state and perspectives of marine fisheries resources co-management in West Africa. Fisheries Co-management Research Report.

Keywords : co-management; status; West Africa; Africa; case study; state; research report

Hoskins, M.W. 1979. Community Participation in African Fuelwood Production, Transformation and Utilization.

Keywords : co-management; participation; Africa; 1 CM (-); workshop

Hubert, B.A. et al. 1991. Cooperative Management of the Fisheries on Great Bear Lake and Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories, Canada.

Keywords : co-management; Cooperative; Canada; commons; 3 FCM (-); Northwest; common-property

Hutton, T. and S.J. Lamberth. 1997. Opportunities for co-management: The application of a research framework to a case study from South Africa. Fisheries Co-management Research Framework.

Keywords : co-management; case study; Arniston; South Africa; Africa; development

Hviding, E. 1990. Keeping the Sea: Aspects of Marine Tenure in Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands. Traditional Marine Resource Management in the Pacific Basin: An Anthology. UNESCO/ROSTSEA.

Keywords : co-management; Pacific; 2 FCBM; Solomon; Solomon Islands

Hviding, E. 1992. Community-Based Management of Coral Reef Resource Systems: South Pacific Experiences.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; Pacific; 2 FCBM; coral reef; workshop

Hviding, E. and Kenneth Ruddle. 1991. A Regional Assessment of the Potential Role of Customary Marine Tenure (CMT) Systems in Contemporary Fisheries Management in the South Pacific.

Keywords : co-management; Pacific; 3 FCBM

Hviding, E. and G.B.K. Baines. 1992. Fisheries Management in the Pacific: Tradition and the Challenges of Development in Marovo, Solomon Islands. UNRISD. pp.1-23.

Keywords : co-management; Pacific; development; 3 FCBM; Solomon Islands; Solomon

Hviding, E. and E. Jul-Larsen. 1995. Community-Based Resource Management in Tropical Fisheries. University of Namibia, Windhoek.

Keywords : co-management; community-based; 3 FCBM; overfishing; tragedy of the commons; commons; rules; regulation; local level; institutions; Cooperative; riverine; strategy; law; economics; state; General; policy; development; sustainable development; Pacific; politics; participation; tropical

Abstract: Western approaches to fisheries management have been dominated by the assumption that the access to the resource, i.e. fish, is free and that no single participant in the fishery can prevent others from exploiting the same fishing grounds. A further dominant assumption is that any fishery must be characterized by intense competition which will inevitably lead to overfishing and the eventual depletion of the resources, the so-called "tragedy of the commons". However, recent debates on the management of so-called "common property" resources, not least with reference to fisheries, have revealed the historical and geographical specificity of "open access" to resources. For small-scale near shore marine fisheries, which on a global scale have a productive output for hui-nan consumption roughly equal to that of industrial marine fisheries, some degree of regulated access appears to be the rule rather than the exception. These regulations are invariably enforced on the local level, from a basis of coi-nmunity institutions and social practices.

From locations throughout the coastal tropics, there is an increasing of documentation of a range of institutions and practices that have a more or less direct bearing on the short and long-ten-n management of aquatic resources. A notable aspect of such arrangements, be they systems of "customary marine tenure" or other social forms, is that they are multi-purpose in nature and not usually tied solely to fisheries. In fact local-level institutions and practices may have implications for the management of fishery resources even if their explicit purpose is a different one. However, many of the relevant community-level institutions also contain practices that from an outside perspective similar to main principles of Western, "scientific" management. Examples of such practices are the delineatio